Introduction to

Research Process
and Design
By: group:191-200
 What do u understand by the term “Research”

o The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English lays

down the meaning of research as “a careful investigation or
inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch
of knowledge.”
o Redman and Mory define research as a “systematized effort
to gain new knowledge.”

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 Objectives of Research

1. To gain familiarity 2. To portray 3. To determine the 4. To test a

with a phenomenon or accurately the frequency with hypothesis of a
to achieve new characteristics of a which something causal relationship
insights into it (studies particular individual, occurs or with which between variables
with this object in view situation or a group it is associated with (such studies are
are termed as (studies with this something else known as
exploratory or object in view are (studies with this hypothesis-testing
formulative research known as descriptive object in view are research studies).
studies) research studies); known as diagnostic
research studies)

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Research Process
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“

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 Research Problem
• A research problem, in general, refers to some difficulty which a researcher
experiences in the context of either a theoretical or practical situation and wants
to obtain a solution for the same.
• The research problem establishes the means by which you must answer the "So
What?" question.
• It can be defined as a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be
improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in
scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful
understanding and deliberate investigation . 

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Research Design
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 Meaning

“A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data
in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in
procedure.” In fact, the research design is the conceptual structure within which
research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement
and analysis of data. As such the design includes an outline of what the researcher will
do from writing the hypothesis and its operational implications to the final analysis of
data.

E.A. Suchman says that “A research design represents a compromise dictated by many

practical considerations that go into social research.”

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 Features of Research Design

1.Reliability: Research design 3. Validity: Validity is

depends on reliability, concerned with the integrity of
2.Objectivity: Every research
consistencies, dependability, the conclusions that are
method must be accurate and
and stability. If research design generated from a piece of
objective. Sometimes researcher
gives the same result when research. Under this method,
imposes the respondents to give
some tools are used in the data are tested and re-tested
answers in the way that they can
same sample then such and prediction of the future is
draw results as they intend..
research design is considered a made and such prediction
reliable research design. remains correct.

4. Replicability: Research
5. Generalizability: A research
design should be imitable so that
design should present all the
another researcher follows the
procedures and methods used in
same design to confirm the
the collection and analysis of
results of the research. A
data so that people know the
researcher should spell out his or
situation and will be easier to
her procedures in detail
implement the findings of the
otherwise replication of research
research in a large population.
design is impossible.

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 Importance of Research Design
- It may result in the preferred kind of study with helpful conclusion.
- It cuts down on inaccuracy.
- Allows you get optimum efficiency and reliability.
- Reduce wastage of time.
- Reduce uncertainty, confusion and practical haphazard related to any research problem.
- It is a guide for giving research the right path.
- Gets rid of bias and marginal errors.
- Provides an idea concerning the type of resources needed in terms of money, effort, time,
and manpower.
- Smooth & efficient sailing (sets boundaries & helps prevent blind search)
- Maximizes reliability of results.

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Types of Research Design
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 Descriptive Research Design

In Descriptive Research Design, the scholar explains/describes

the situation or case in depth in their research materials.

This type of research design is purely on a theoretical basis

where the individual collects data, analyses, prepares and then
presents it in an understandable manner.

It is the most generalized form of research design. 

To explore one or more variables, a descriptive design might

employ a wide range of research approaches. 

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 Experimental Research Design

Experimental research is a type of research design in which the

study is carried out utilizing a scientific approach and two sets of
variables.

The first set serves as a constant against which the variations in

the second set are measured.

Experimentation is used in quantitative research methodologies,

for example. If you lack sufficient evidence to back your
conclusions, you must first establish the facts.

Experimental research collects data to assist you in making better

judgments. 

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 Correlational Research Design

A correlational research design looks into correlations between

variables without allowing the researcher to control or manipulate
any of them.

Correlational studies reveal the magnitude and/or direction of a

link between two (or more) variables.

Correlational studies or correlational study design might have

either a positive, negative or zero.

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 Descriptive Research Design
In Descriptive Research Design, the scholar explains/describes
the situation or case in depth in their research materials.

This type of research design is purely on a theoretical basis

where the individual collects data, analyses, prepares and then
presents it in an understandable manner.

It is the most generalized form of research design. 

To explore one or more variables, a descriptive design might

employ a wide range of research approaches. 

This design is great for swiftly collecting data from natural

settings. This allows you to apply your results to real-world
circumstances in an externally legitimate manner. 

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 Diagnostic Research Design

Diagnostic research design is a type of research design that tries to

investigate the underlying cause of a certain condition or phenomena.

It can assist you in learning more about the elements that contribute to
certain difficulties or challenges that your clients may be experiencing.

This design typically consists of three research stages, which are as

follows:

- Inception of the issue

- Diagnosis of the issue
- Solution for the issue

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Types of Research Design (Comparative Study)

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THANK YOU!!!

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