A Machine Design Project

Presented to

Engr. Jonathan E. Lacayanga

BSABE Faculty of BPSU-Abucay

Campus
MASSEY FERGUSON
M A R I A N N E A. D E L R O S A R I O
M A R K JA Y S ON C. ESTEVES
J O H N D A V I D J. Q U I R O Z
L E E H E N R Y D. C A S T R O
D I N O S. L E G A S P I

BSABE IV
2021-2022
 DESIGN OF A
MANUALLY
OPERATED TWO-
ROW CASSAVA
(Manihot esculenta)
STAKES PLANTER
BACKGROUND OF THE DESIGN
Aside from the fact that Cassava (Manihot esculanta ) is one of the most
widely grown crops in Asia, it is also one of the leading root crops in the
Philippines in terms of both value and production volume.

It is a significant crop in the country due to its many uses in starch

processing, feed processing, and alcohol processing (Preciados & Soria,
2018).

It is also deemed as a very nutritional crop and is considered as the

staple food in many parts of Latin America, Africa, and Asia as claimed by
the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
In the year 2000, Bacusmo
(2000) reported that cassava hectares

was being planted in about 250,000

hectares

120,000 hectares of
agricultural land in the 200,000

country annually.
150,000

This number nearly doubled

from 2015 to 2018, where it 100,000

fluctuated each year but was

constantly above 220,000 50,000

hectares (Statista Research

Department, 2021). 0
Year 2000 2015-2018
 Apparently, in the same year that
Hectares
cassava was planted in 200,000 plus
hectares in the country, Statista
Research Department reported that
two of the largest export crops of the
Philippines, rice and corn, were
planted in 4.8 million and 2.5 million
hectares.

This indicates that although the

cassava industry is growing, it is yet
to be on par with the major crops in
the country and might be unable to
CASSAVA RICE CORN
cater to the increasing demand.
 In the study of Preciados and Soria (2018), it was
found that the availability of research and development
efforts dedicated in increasing the efficiency and ease
of production-related activities in the cassava industry
has a positive relationship with the local supply of
cassava in the country. Thus, the with low R&D efforts
comes low supply availability of cassava.

Howeler (2018) pointed out that one of the major

challenges that cassava farmers in Mindanao face is
the lack of available and accessible planting
machineries for cassava.
Supporting
Literatures of
the Design
AVAILABILITY OF CASSAVA PLANTERS IN THE
COUNTRY
Owning/using four wheel tractor
• Dela Cruz and Bobier (2016) reported that the
mechanization level in the cassava industry lies around 0.9
hp/ha
• Most available cassava planter designs require the use of 4-
wheel tractors as claimed by Howeler (2018).
• However, Dela Cruz and Bobier (2016) also reported that
4wheel tractors only contribute 0.04 % of the country’s
total mechanization index signifying its scarcity.
• A report published by the Philippine Statistics Authority in
2014 showed that in the six major cassava producing
provinces, only 11.56% of the farmers have reported to use
or own 4-wheel tractors while 86.89% opt to use manual
labor.
Manual labor
PLANTING PRACTICES OF CASSAVA
• Utomo et al. (2015) claimed that cassava is usually
propagated through vertical planting of stakes in the
soil or horizontal planting in predominantly clayey soil.
• Galang (1931), however, claimed that out of the 21
varieties of cassava tested, 13 responded positively to
vertical planting and resulted in better yields.
• Regardless of the planting orientation, Secretaria and
Magat (2006) suggest that under the square planting
system, the recommended row spacing of cassava
stakes is 0.7-1 meter and while the recommended hill
spacing lies between 0.5-0.8 meters.
 OBJECTIVES
The objective of this project can be
described as follows:
1.Design a manually operated two-
row cassava stakes planter;
2.Design the machine
functionalities according to the
recommended cultural requirements of
cassava;
3. Draft an intellectual property claim
to the said machine
DESIGN CRITERIA AND
CONSIDERATIONS
DESIGN CRITERIA AND CONSIDERATIONS
1. The planter can be operated manually;
2. The machine should require only one (1) person to
operate;
3.The planting unit assembly should be able to plant
the cuttings (cassava stake) vertically or with a slight
incline to the hills;
4. The planter should be able to plant cassava stakes
in rows with a set row spacing of 0.7m.
5.The planter should be able to plant
the cuttings at the required hill
spacing of 0.8m;
6.The planting units should be able to plant the
cassava stakes simultaneously
7.The component of the assembly should be
fabricated using available materials;
 Design Calculations
From the literatures reviewed:
Row Spacing= 0.7 m to 1 m; we considered 0.7 m
Hill spacing=0.5 m to 0.8 m; we considered 0.8 m

Spacing Between Planting Unit

Since the row spacing recommended for cassava was 0.7 to
1 meter, the spacing between the planting unit was
determined to be 0.7 meters to make the machine more
compact.
Teeth Ratio of The Sprockets
Considering that the hill spacing= 0.8 m or 80 cm
Wheel Diameter= 20 inches or 50.8 cm

Where: CWheel = circumference of the wheel

D = diameter of the wheel;

∴ For every complete revolution of the wheel, 160 cm will be

travelled
Since the planting unit will be able to plant one (1) stake
per revolution of the coupler, the coupler would need to
complete one revolution in 80 cm distance travelled by the
machine.

Where: SR = Speed ratio of the wheel axle and planting unit shaft
CWheel = circumference of the wheel
Hill Spacing = 80 cm

∴ The speed ratio of the transmission between the wheel axle

and the planting unit shaft is 2.
Considering a driven sprocket of 11T, the driver
sprocket or the sprocket connected to the
planting unit shaft would be:

Where: T2 = Teeth number of driven sprocket

T1 = Teeth number of driver sprocket, 11T
SR = Speed Ratio
PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION
 P E R F O M A N C E E V A LU A TI O N
Should the performance of the manually operated two-row cassava stakes planter be evaluated in
the field, it is strongly recommended to assess the following parameters:
A.) Theoretical Field Capacity

Where: tfc = Theoretical field capacity, ha/hr

v = speed of operation, km/h
w = nominal working width, m
B.) Effective Field Capacity E.) Wheel Slip

Where:efc = Effective field capacity, ha/hr

A = Area covered, mm2 Where: n0 = no. of revolutions of all
t = time used during operation, hr driving wheels without load,
C.) Field Efficiency rpm
n1 = no. of revolutions of all
Where: ef = Field efficiency driving wheels with load, rpm
efc= Effective field capacity, ha/hr
tfc = Theoretical field capacity, ha/hr
D.) Percent Missed Hills
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• The cassava stakes were loaded in the planting unit through an
opening on the upper end of the planting unit and retained
through a hinged lid covering the bottom end of said planting
unit.
• The machine is manually pushed to induce a rotating
motion to the ground wheels and the wheel axle.
• The rotating motion of the wheel axle is transmitted to the
shafts of the disc couplers through the chain and
sprocket.
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• As the shafts of the couplers rotate, the disc coupler
communicates this motion to the coupler arms connected on
the sides of the planting units.
• The planting units are secured in a slider slot that resists the
horizontal component of the rotating motion and only permits
the vertical motion.
• Due to this, the coupler arms transform the rotational motion
of the coupler discs into a translational up and down motion.
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• As the planting units go down and penetrate the soil, a
fixed rod attached to the frame of the machine prevents
the hinged lid from moving downwards, thus rotating
the lid outwards.
• As the lid opens outward, a furrow is made in the soil,
and the stakes are dispensed vertically into the soil.
• Moving the machine forward causes the press wheels to
run on the sides of the furrow, which closes it and
helps the cassava stakes stay erected.
DRAWING OF
THE MACHINE
Figure 1. Isometric View of the Manually Operated Two-
Row Cassava Stakes Planter

HANDLE
BAR
FRAME

PLANTING
UNIT

PRESS WHEEL

COUPLER SLOT GROUND WHEEL

Figure 1 represents the machine's different components: the frame, ground wheels, couplers, the slider slot, the
handlebar, and the press wheels.
Figure 2. Front and Side View of the Manually Operated Two-Row
Cassava Stakes Planter
Figure 3. Drawing and Components of the Planting Unit

OPENING

HINGED LID
Intellectual Property
Claim Draft
IP Drawing of the Machine
 Claims
1. A planting machine for the vertical establishment of stem cuttings comprising of:

a planting unit defined by a hollow body with an opening at the uppermost part large enough to accommodate the size of the stem cuttings, a hinged lid at the bottom

covering the lower portion of the said planting unit, and a fixed rod connected to the tail of the hinged lid only permitting said lid to move down on set depth

a set of ground wheels carrying the entirety of the machine

a wheel axle securing the wheels

a disc coupler receiving the motion of the said axle through a power transmission device

a coupler shaft that secures the disc couplers and serves as the connection between the said disc couplers and the transmission device

a coupler arm communicating with the disc couplers and the said planting unit and transforms the rotational motion of the disc couplers into a translational up and

down motion of the planting unit

a slider slot securing the planting unit in place and permitting the vertical movement of the said planting unit but prohibiting any horizontal movement

a set of press wheels defined by two wheels mirrored at an angle with the inner face of each wheel forming an inverted triangle outline situated at the rear portion

of the machine, and the space between the wheels are centered at the tip of the planting unit
 Claims
2. A planting machine for the vertical establishment of stem cuttings as claimed in claim 1

wherein the axle is coupled directly to the disc coupler and does not use a power transmission

device.

3. A planting machine for the vertical establishment of stem cuttings as claimed in claim 1

wherein the bottom part of the planting unit uses a sliding lid or rotating lid.

4. A planting machine for the vertical establishment of stem cuttings as claimed in claim 1

wherein the row spacing, hill spacing, and depth of planting are adjustable.
THIS IS THE END OF
OUR PRESENTATION!
.

Thank you!