LEAD GLASS

PRESENTED BY : 
• S.M.Ali Rizvi
• S.M.Atir Hussain
• Sultan Ali
• Islahuddin
• M.Sabir

• s.
 LEAD GLASS
•  Lead glass, commonly
called crystal, is a variety of glass
in which lead  replaces the
calcium content of a
typical potash glass 

• It contains typically 18–40% (by

weight) lead(II) oxide (PbO),while
 modern lead crystal, historically
also known as flint glass due to
the original silica source, contains
a minimum of 24% PbO2
 MANUFACTURING
The manufacturing of lead glass generally proceeds as follows :
• Lead oxide and/or lead tetroxide (PbO and/or Pb3O4) are fed into a silo.
• Other raw materials components (solid inorganic compounds that may be
naturally occurring or synthetic) required to achieve the desired lead glass
composition are mixed with lead material. A typical ratio of materials could
include 48% silica-sand, 28% lead and 24% potash. Other metals may be added
to the mix to give the glass a specific color.
• The mixture is then fed into an electric furnace where it undergoes heat
generated by its resistance to an electric current passing through it.
Temperatures between 1350 °C and 1550 °C are required.
• Fresh batch material may be added to the melt, depending on the output
requirements.
• The molten homogeneous glass melt is extracted and cooled slowly to avoid the
development of residual stresses as different portions of the lead glass cool at
different rates. The lead glass is produced as ribbons, droplets or gobs, which
will be further shaped by forming techniques, such as pressing or blowing.
 COMPOSITION OF LEAD
GLASS
A typical composition for Lead Crystal Glass is ;
• 25% oxygen,
• 30% silicon,
• 25% lead,
• 10% sodium,
• 10% calcium,
• 1% other components(iron,tin,flourine) 
These are added to alter the chemical & physical properties of glass.
 PROPERTIES OF LEAD GLASS
• Lead glass, when compared to ordinary glass
(also referred to as soda-glass or soda-lime
silica-glass)
• It's a dense and heavy material as lead is
more than five times as heavy as calcium. 
• Soda glass has a density of 2.4 g/cm3 and lead
glass has a density of 3.1 - 5.9 g/cm3. 
• Lead glass also has higher electrical
resistance, higher refractive index (up to 1.8
compared to 1.5 for lead-free glass), lower
working temperature and lower viscosity
 USES OF LEAD GLASS
• The most common uses of lead crystal
glass are drinking glasses, ornaments,
decanters, jewellery, optical lenses,
enamels and lacquers, glass sealants and
solders and radiation shielding from
gamma and x-rays. 
• The wide scope of applications is made
possible by the physical, chemical and
mechanical properties of lead. 
• Also used in radiation shielding (PbO 2-
28%)
THANKYOU