MACHINE DESIGN & CAD-II

Screw

Asif Ali Laghari

 SCREW
▪ A screw thread is formed by cutting a continuous helical groove on a
cylindrical surface.
▪ A screw made by cutting a single helical groove on the cylinder is known as
single threaded (or single-start) screw and if a second thread
is cut in the space between the grooves of the first, a double
threaded (or double-start) screw is formed.
▪ Similarly, triple and quadruple (i.e. multiple-start) threads may be formed.
The helical grooves may be cut either right hand or left
hand.
▪ A screwed joint is mainly composed of two elements
i.e. a bolt and nut.
 A ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SCREWED JOINTS

▪ Advantages
▪ 1. Screwed joints are highly reliable in
operation.
▪ 2. Screwed joints are convenient to
assemble and disassemble.
▪ 3. A wide range of screwed joints may
be adopted to various operating
conditions.
▪ 4. Screws are relatively cheap to
produce due to standardisation and
highly efficient manufacturing processes
 A ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SCREWED JOINTS

Disadvantages
▪ The main disadvantage of the screwed joints is the stress
▪ concentration in the threaded portions which are vulnerable points under variable
load conditions.
▪ Note : The strength of the screwed joints is not comparable with that of riveted or
welded joints.
 IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN SCREW THREADS

▪ Major diameter. It is the largest diameter of an external or

internal screw thread. The screw is specified by this
diameter. It is also known as outside or nominal diameter.
▪ Minor diameter. It is the smallest diameter of an external
or internal screw thread. It is also known as core or root
diameter.
▪ Pitch diameter. It is the diameter of an imaginary cylinder,
on a cylindrical screw thread, the surface of which would
pass through the thread at such points as to make equal
the width of the thread and the width of the spaces
between the threads.
▪ It is also called an effective diameter. In a nut and bolt
assembly, it is the diameter at which the ridges on the bolt
are in complete touch with the ridges of the corresponding
nut.
 IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN SCREW THREADS

▪ Pitch. It is the distance from a point on one

thread to the corresponding point on the next.
▪ This is measured in an axial direction between
corresponding points in the same axial plane.
▪ Mathematically
 IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN SCREW THREADS

▪ Lead. It is the distance between two corresponding points on

the same helix. It may also be defined as the distance which a
screw thread advances axially in one rotation of the nut. Lead
is equal to the pitch in case of single start threads, it is twice
the pitch in double start, thrice the pitch in triple start and so
on.
▪ Crest. It is the top surface of the thread.
▪ Root. It is the bottom surface created by the two adjacent
flanks of the thread.
▪ Depth of thread. It is the perpendicular distance between the
crest and root.
▪ Flank. It is the surface joining the crest and root.
▪ Angle of thread. It is the angle included by the flanks of the
thread.
▪ Slope. It is half the pitch of the thread.
 BRITISH STANDARD WHITWORTH (B.S.W.) THREAD

▪ This is a British standard thread profile and

has coarse pitches. It is a symmetrical V-thread in
which the angle between the flankes, measured
in an axial plane, is 55°. These threads are found
on bolts and screwed fastenings for special
purposes.
▪ The British standard threads with fine pitches
(B.S.F.) are used where great strength at the root
is required.
▪ These threads are also used for line adjustments
and where the connected parts are subjected to
increased vibrations as in aero and automobile
work.
 BRITISH STANDARD WHITWORTH (B.S.W.) THREAD

▪ The British standard pipe (B.S.P.) threads with

fine pitches are used for steel and iron pipes and
tubes carrying fluids.
▪ In external pipe threading, the threads are
specified by the bore of the pipe
 BRITISH ASSOCIATION (B.A.) THREAD

▪ This is a B.S.W. thread with fine pitches. The

proportions of the B.A.
▪ These threads are used for instruments and other
precision works.
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD THREAD

▪ The American national standard or U.S. or Seller's

thread has flat crests and roots.
▪ The flat crest can withstand more rough usage
than sharp V-threads.
▪ These threads are used for general purposes e.g.
on bolts, nuts, screws and tapped holes.
 UNIFIED STANDARD THREAD

▪ The three countries i.e., Great Britain, Canada

and United States came to an agreement for a
common screw thread system with the included
angle of 60°, in order to facilitate the exchange of
machinery.
▪ The thread has rounded crests and roots.
 SQUARE THREAD

▪ The square threads, because of their high

efficiency, are widely used for transmission of
power in either direction.
▪ Such type of threads are usually found on the
feed mechanisms of machine tools, valves,
spindles, screw jacks etc.
▪ The square threads are not so strong as V-threads
but they offer less frictional resistance to motion
than Whitworth threads.
▪ The pitch of the square thread is often taken
twice that of a B.S.W. thread of the same
diameter.
 ACME THREAD
▪ It is a modification of square thread. It is much
stronger than square thread and can be easily
produced.
▪ These threads are frequently used on screw
cutting lathes, brass valves, cocks and bench
vices.
▪ When used in conjunction with a split nut, as on
the lead screw of a lathe, the tapered sides of the
thread facilitate ready engagement and
disengagement of the halves of the nut when
required.
 KNUCKLE THREAD
▪ It is also a modification of square thread. It has
rounded top and bottom.
▪ It can be cast or rolled easily and can not
economically be made on a machine. These
threads are used for rough and ready work.
▪ They are usually found on railway carriage
couplings, hydrants, necks of glass bottles and
large moulded insulators used in electrical trade.
 LOCATION OF SCREWED JOINTS
▪ The choice of type of fastenings and its
location are very important.
▪ The fastenings should be located in such a way so
that they will be subjected to tensile and/or
shear loads and bending of the fastening should
be reduced to a minimum.
▪ The bending of the fastening due to
misalignment, tightening up loads, or external
loads are responsible for many failures.
▪ In order to relieve fastenings of bending stresses,
the use of clearance spaces, spherical seat
washers, or other devices may be used.
 COMMON TYPES OF SCREW FASTENINGS
▪ Through bolts
▪ It is a cylindrical bar with threads for the nut at
one end and head at the other end.
▪ The cylindrical part of the bolt is known as shank.
▪ It is passed through drilled holes in the two parts
to be fastened together and clamped them
securely to each other as the nut is screwed on to
the threaded end.
 DEFINITIONS
 Pitch – distance
between adjacent
threads.
Reciprocal of threads per
inch
 Major diameter – largest
diameter of thread
 Minor diameter –
smallest diameter of
thread
 Pitch diameter – Fig. 8–1
theoretical diameter
between major and
minor diameters, where
tooth and gap are same
width
 Standardization
• The American National (Unified) thread standard defines
basic thread geometry for uniformity and interchangeability
• American National (Unified) thread
• UN normal thread
• UNR greater root radius for fatigue applications
• Metric thread
• M series (normal thread)
• MJ series (greater root radius)
 STANDARDIZATION
• Coarse series UNC
• General assembly
• Frequent disassembly
• Not good for vibrations
• The “normal” thread to specify
• Fine series UNF
• Good for vibrations
• Good for adjustments
• Automotive and aircraft
• Extra Fine series UNEF
• Good for shock and large vibrations
• High grade alloy
• Instrumentation
• Aircraft
 STANDARDIZATION
 Basic profile for metric M and MJ threads shown in Fig. 8–2
 Tables 8–1 and 8–2 define basic dimensions for standard threads

Fig. 8–2
THREADS
 Diameters and Areas for Unified Screw Threads
Table 8–2
 Tensile Stress Area

• The tensile stress area, At , is the area of an unthreaded rod

with the same tensile strength as a threaded rod.
• It is the effective area of a threaded rod to be used for stress
calculations.
• The diameter of this unthreaded rod is the average of the
pitch diameter and the minor diameter of the threaded
rod.
 SQUARE AND ACME THREADS
 Square and Acme threads are used when the threads are intended
to transmit power

Fig. 8–3

Table 8–3 Preferred Pitches for Acme

Threads
MECHANICS OF POWER SCREWS
 Power screw
◦ Used to change angular motion into
linear motion
◦ Usually transmits power
◦ Examples include vises, presses,
jacks, lead screw on lathe

Fig. 8–4
 COMMON TYPES OF SCREW FASTENINGS
 Through bolts. It is a cylindrical bar with threads for the nut at one end
and head at the other end. The cylindrical part of the bolt is known as
shank.
 It is passed through drilled holes in the two parts to be fastened
together and clamped them securely to each other as the nut is
screwed on to the threaded end.
 The through bolts may or may not have a machined finish and are
made with either hexagonal or square heads.
 A through bolt should pass easily in the holes, when put under tension
by a load along its axis.
 If the load acts perpendicular to the axis, tending to slide one of the
connected parts along the other end thus subjecting it to shear, the
holes should be reamed so that the bolt shank fits warmly there in.
 The through bolts according to their usage may be known as machine
bolts, carriage bolts, automobile bolts, eye bolts etc.
 COMMON TYPES OF SCREW FASTENINGS
 Tap bolts.
 A tap bolt or screw differs from a bolt. It is screwed into a tapped hole
of one of the parts to be fastened without the nut

 Studs.
 A stud is a round bar threaded at both ends.
 One end of the stud is screwed into a tapped hole of the parts to be
fastened, while the other end receives a nut on it.

 Studs are chiefly used instead of tap bolts for securing various kinds of
covers e.g. covers of engine and pump cylinders, valves, chests etc.
 COMMON TYPES OF SCREW FASTENINGS
 Cap screws.
 The cap screws are similar to tap bolts except that they are of small size and a variety of shapes
of heads are available
 COMMON TYPES OF SCREW FASTENINGS
Machine screws
 These are similar to cap screws with the head slotted for a
screw driver. These are generally used with a nut.
Set screws
 These are used to prevent relative motion between the two
parts. A set screw is screwed through a threaded hole in one
part so that its point (i.e. end of the screw) presses against the
other part.
 This resists the relative motion between the two parts by means
of friction between the point of the screw and one of the parts.
 They may be used instead of key to prevent relative motion
between a hub and a shaft in light power transmission
members.
 They may also be used in connection with a key, where they
prevent relative axial motion of the shaft, key and hub assembly.
 MECHANICS OF POWER SCREWS
 A power screw is a device used in machinery to change angular motion
into linear motion, and, usually, to transmit power.
 Familiar applications include the lead screws of lathes, and the screws
for vises, presses, and jacks.

 Find expression for torque required to raise or lower

a load Unroll one turn of a thread

 Treat thread as inclined plane

 Do force analysis

Fig. 8–5

Fig. 8–6
MECHANICS OF POWER SCREWS
 For raising the load

 For lowering the load

Fig. 8–6
MECHANICS OF POWER SCREWS
 Eliminate N and solve for P to raise and lower the
load

 Divide numerator and denominator by cos and use

relation tan = l / dm
RAISING AND LOWERING TORQUE
 Noting that the torque is the product of the force and the mean
radius,
 Self-locking Condition

 If the lowering torque is negative, the load will lower itself

by causing the screw to spin without any external effort.
 If the lowering torque is positive, the screw is self-locking.
 Self-locking condition is  f dm > l
 Noting that l /  dm = tan , the self-locking condition can be
seen to only involve the coefficient of friction and the lead
angle.
 Power Screw Efficiency

 The torque needed to raise the load with no friction losses

can be found from Eq. (8–1) with f = 0.

 The efficiency of the power screw is therefore

POWER SCREWS WITH ACME THREADS
 If Acme threads are used instead of square
threads, the thread angle creates a
wedging action.
 The friction components are increased.
 The torque necessary to raise a load (or
tighten a screw) is found by dividing the
friction terms in Eq. (8–1) by cos

Fig. 8–7
 COLLAR FRICTION
 An additional component of torque is
often needed to account for the friction
between a collar and the load.
 Assuming the load is concentrated at
the mean collar diameter dc

Fig. 8–7
 Stresses in Body of Power Screws

 Maximum nominal shear stress in torsion of the screw body

 Axial stress in screw body

STRESSES IN THREADS OF POWER SCREWS
 Bearing stress in
threads,

where nt is number of
engaged threads

Fig. 8–8
STRESSES IN THREADS OF POWER SCREWS
 Bending stress at root of
thread,

Fig. 8–8
 Stresses in Threads of Power Screws

 Transverse shear stress at center of root

of thread,

Fig. 8–8
 Stresses in Threads of Power Screws

 Consider stress element at the top of the root

“plane”

 Obtain von Mises stress from Eq. (5–

14),
 Thread Deformation in Screw-Nut Combination

 Power screw thread is in compression, causing elastic shortening of screw

thread pitch.
 Engaging nut is in tension, causing elastic lengthening of the nut thread pitch.
 Consequently, the engaged threads cannot share the load equally.
 Experiments indicate the first thread carries 38% of the load, the second thread 25%,
and the third thread 18%.
 The seventh thread is free of load.
 To find the largest stress in the first thread of a screw-nut combination, use
0.38F in place of F, and set nt = 1.
Example 8.1
 HEAD TYPE OF BOLTS
 Hexagon head bolt
◦ Usually uses nut
◦ Heavy duty
 Hexagon head cap screw
◦ Thinner head Fig. 8–9
◦ Often used as screw (in
threaded hole, without nut)
 Socket head cap screw
◦ Usually more precision
applications
◦ Access from the top
 Machine screws
◦ Usually smaller sizes
◦ Slot or philips head
common
◦ Threaded all the way Fig. 8–10
MACHINE SCREWS

Fig. 8–11
 Hexagon-Head Bolt

 Hexagon-head bolts are one of the most common for engineering

applications
 Standard dimensions are included in Table A–29
 W is usually about 1.5 times nominal diameter
 Bolt length L is measured from below the head
 THREADED LENGTHS
English

Metric
 NUTS
 See Appendix A–31 for typical specifications
 First three threads of nut carry majority of load
 Localized plastic strain in the first thread is likely, so nuts should
not be re-used in critical applications.

End view Washer- Chamfered both Washer- Chamfered

faced, sides, regular faced, jam both
regular nut sides, jam
Fig. 8–12 nut
 BOLTED JOINT
 The purpose of the bolt is to clamp the two, or
more, parts together. Twisting the nut stretches the
bolt to produce the clamping force.
 This clamping force is called the pretension or bolt
preload.

 Grip length l includes everything being
compressed by bolt preload, including washers
 Washer under head prevents burrs at the hole
from squeezing into the fillet under the bolt head
Fig. 8–13
 PRESSURE VESSEL HEAD
 Hex-head cap screw in tapped hole
used to fasten cylinder head to
cylinder body
 Note O-ring seal, not affecting the
stiffness of the members within the grip
 Only part of the threaded length of the
bolt contributes to the effective grip l

Fig. 8–14
 EFFECTIVE GRIP LENGTH FOR TAPPED HOLES
 For screw in tapped hole, effective grip
length is
 BOLTED JOINT STIFFNESSES
 During bolt preload
◦ bolt is stretched
◦ members in grip are
compressed
 When external load P is applied
◦ Bolt stretches further
◦ Members in grip uncompress some
 Joint can be modeled as a soft bolt spring in Fig. 8–13
parallel with a stiff member spring
 BOLT STIFFNESS
 Axially loaded rod, partly threaded and partly
unthreaded

 Consider each portion as a spring

 Combine as two springs in series

PROCEDURE TO FIND BOLT STIFFNESS
Continue A-32
Continue A-32
PROCEDURE TO FIND BOLT STIFFNESS
PROCEDURE TO FIND BOLT STIFFNESS
 Member Stiffness

 Stress distribution spreads from face of

bolt head and nut
 Model as a cone with top cut off
 Called a frustum
 MEMBER STIFFNESS
 Model compressed members as if they are frusta spreading from the bolt head
and nut to the midpoint of the grip
 Each frustum has a half-apex angle of 
 Find stiffness for frustum in compression

Fig. 8–15
MEMBER STIFFNESS
 S
 With typical value of  =
30º,

 Use Eq. (8–20) to find stiffness for each frustum

 Combine all frusta as springs in series

Fig. 8–15b
 Member Stiffness for Common Material in Grip

 If the grip consists of any number of members all of the same

material, two identical frusta can be added in series. The entire
joint can be handled with one equation,

 dw is the washer face diameter

 Using standard washer face diameter of 1.5d, and with  = 30º,
 Finite Element Approach to Member
Stiffness
 For the special case of common material within the grip, a finite
element model agrees with the frustum model

Fig. 8–16
 STIFFNESS
 Exponential curve-fit of finite element results can be used
for case of common material within the grip
LE 8–2

Fig. 8–17
EXAMPLE 8–2 (CONTINUED)

Fig. 8–17
 EXAMPLE 8–2 (CONTINUED)

Fig. 8–17b
 EXAMPLE 8–2 (CONTINUED)

Fig. 8–17b
EXAMPLE 8–2 (CONTINUED)

Fig. 8–17b
EXAMPLE 8–2 (CONTINUED)

Fig. 8–17b
 EXAMPLE 8–2 (CONTINUED)

Fig. 8–17b
EXAMPLE 8–2 (CONTINUED)

Fig. 8–17a
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