6785 FSCrim 4 LIE

DETECTION
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CHASTERINE F. OLAYAN
0912 748 9672
Facebook/Messenger: Chasterine Olayan
colayan@smu.edu.ph
chasterinefolayan@gmail.com
WHAT IS POLYGRAPHY?

• Refers to the scientific method of detecting

deception with the aid or use of polygraph
instrument
POLYGRAPH

• ‘many writings’
• Refers to an instrument designed for recording changes in
blood pressure, pulse, respiration and skin resistance as
indicative of emotional disturbance especially of lying when
questioned
• The name refers to the manner in which selected physiological
activities are simultaneously recorded
POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

• A scientific test that collects physiological data

from a person with the purpose of detecting
reactions associated with dishonesty
LIE

•Refers to the uttering intentionally false

statement
LYING

• Uttering or conveying falsehood or cheating a

false or misleading impression with the intention
of affecting wrongfully the acts…
DETECTION

• Refers to the act of discovering the

existence, presence or facts of something
hidden
LIE DETECTION

•Refers to the method of detecting

deception
POLYGRAPH EXAMINER/POLYGRAPHIST

• Conducts polygraph examination; interprets

the data collected in the polygrpah
 EARLY METHODS OF
DETECTING DECEPTION
 RED HOT IRON ORDEAL
Practiced in the hill tribe of Northern Bengal. The accused
had to carry a bar of red-hot iron in his hands while he
walked nine marked paces. In the unlikely event of no burns
appearing on his hands, he was adjudged innocent.
Otherwise, he was probably hanged.
 ORDEAL BY BALANCE
Practiced in the Institute of Vishnu, India. A scale of balance is
used, in one end of the scale, the accused is placed and in the other
end is a counterbalance. The person will step out of the scale and
listen to a judge to deliver an exhortation on the balance and get back
in. If he was found lighter than before, then he should be acquitted.
 ORDEAL BY WATER:
BOILING WATER ORDEAL
According to the laws of Atheistan, the first king of England, the ordeal of
boiling water consisted of lifting a stone out of boiling water, if the accused
was able to lift a stone out of the boiling water, he is considered innocent
otherwise he is guilty.
Another method of performing this ordeal is by inserting the hand as deep
as the wrist. More serious offences demanded that arm was submerged up to
the elbow. The burn was bandaged for three days before fateful examination.
 ORDEAL BY WATER:
COLD WATER ORDEAL
The usual mode of trial for witchcraft. In this ordeal, the accused was
tied at feet and hands and was lowered to cold water by rope. This
rope is tied around the defendant’s waist and had a knot a particular
distance from the torso. If both knot and accused dipped beneath the
surface of the water, the accused was proven innocent. If the knot is dry
or if the water refused to receive him, the defendant was guilty.
 ORDEAL BY RICE CHEWING
It is performed with a kind of rice called sathee, prepared with various incantations. The person on trial eats the sathee, with the face to the east and
then spits upon a pea leaf. If saliva is mixed with blood or the corner of his mouth swells or he trembles, he is declared to be a liar.
 ORDEAL OF THE RED WATER
The ordeal of the sassy bark or ordeal of the red water is used in the wide
region of eastern Africa. The accused is made to fast for twelve hours,
and then swallows a small amount of rice. Then he will be imbedded in
dark colored water. The water is actually emetic and if the suspect ejects all
rice, he is considered innocent of the charge. Otherwise, the accused is
guilty.
 ORDEAL BY COMBAT
The aggrieved party claimed the right to fight the alleged offender or
to pay a champion to fight for him. The victor is said to win not by his own
strength but because of supernatural powers that had intervened on the side
of the right, as in the duel in the European Ages in which the “judgement of
God was thought to determine the winner”. If still alive after the combat, the
loser might be hanged or burned for a criminal offense or have a hand cut off
and property confiscated in civil actions.
 ORDEAL OF THE CORSNAED
(ORDEAL BY BLESSED BREAD)

A priest puts the corsnaed or hallowed bread into the mouth

of the accused, with various imprecations. If the accused
swallowed it, he was freed from punishment.
 TEST OF THE EUCHARIST
This was applied chiefly among the clergies and monks. When they took
the host, it was believed that God would smite the guilty with sickness
or death. Others believe that if the accused is innocent, when given a
poisonous drink for him to take in, Angel Gabriel will descend from
heaven to prevent the accused from taking in the poisonous drink.
 ORDEAL OF THE BIER
It was an ancient belief that the slain dead could point out their
killer. In England, it was customary for the accused approach the bier on
which the corpse lay. In view oof the witness, the wounds of the victim
were observed to see if they began to bleed again. They believe that
murderer is near, which causes the blood to flow out of the wound of the
victim. This ordeal was recorded well by Shakespeare in “Richard III”.
 ORDEAL OF THE NEEDLE
A red-hot needle was drawn through the lips of the alleged
criminal and if blood flowed from the wound, he was deemed guilty;
but if none, he is innocent. Wanaka, Eastern Africa practiced this
ordeal.
ORDEAL BY HEAT AND FIRE
The accused walked barefooted over coals of
fire, or was made to walk through fire, if he was
unharmed by fire, he was considered innocent.
 TRIAL OF THE CROSS
The accuser and the accused were placed under the cross with
their arms extended or crosswise and the first to move his hands or
suffer them to fall was held guilty. Or the accused was placed before
relics and two dice were then produced, one marked with a cross. Of
these, one was taken up at hazard. If it happened to bear the sign of the
cross, the accused was acquitted.
 TRIAL OF THE WAXEN SHIRT
The accused was dressed in cloth covered with
wax and walked barefooted over coals of fire. If he
was unhurt by the fire and the wax did not melt, he was
considered innocent.
 HEREDITARY SIEVE METHOD
Hans Gross, the Father of Criminalistics, in his famous book in
criminal investigation in which beans were thrown into a sieve as
the name of the suspect was called, mentioned this ordeal. If the
beans jumped out of the sieve, the owner of the sieve is innocent. If
the beans remained in the sieve, the person named is a thief.
 DONKEY’S TAIL ORDEAL
The donkey is placed in one room alone and observed it,
and if the donkey cried the accused is guilty of the crime
charged, because deep inside and in his conscience, he is
guilty.
 ORDEAL OF THE TIGER
Practiced in Siam, the accused and accuser are placed on a
cage of a tiger; if the tiger spare one of them he is considered
innocent.
 OTHER COUNTRIES
PRACTICING ORDEAL
 BURMA:
ORDEAL BY DIVINATION
The ORDEAL BY DIVINATION is being practiced in this
country, whereby it involves two parties being furnished
with candles of equal size and lighted simultaneously;
the owner of the candle that outlast the other is adjudged to
have won his cause.
 MADAGASCAR
Legal authorities practiced TRIAL BY ORDEAL. The
supposed criminal was made to drink a decoction; a
poisonous frouit called “tangena”, a small dose is fatal. By
managing the size of the dose, those who administer it can
decide result.
 BORNEO
The accuser and accused were presented shellfish
placed on a plate. An irritating fluid was then poured on
the shellfish and the ligitant whose shellfish moved first was
adjudged the winner.
 GREECE
A suspended axe was spun at the center of a group of
suspects. When the axe stopped, whoever was in the line
with the blade as supposed to be guilty but by divine
providence.
 NIGERIA
The priest greased a cock’s feather and placed the tongue of the
accused. If feather passed through the tongue easily, the accused was
deemed innocent. If not, the accused is guilty. Another method practiced in the
same country is pouring corrosive liquid into the eyes of the accused who was
supposed to be unharmed if innocent. Pouring of boiling water over the hand
of the accused with the usual requisites for guilt or innocence is also practiced.
 HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND OF
POLYGRAPH
 Angelo Mosso (1895)

He studied the effect of fear on the

cardiovascular and respiratory
system.
He developed the mechanical device
known as the “scientific cradle”
often called “Mosso’s cradle”. This
device was nothing more than a
balanced table-like platform, mounted
on a fulcrum.
Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909)

He employed the first scientific instrument to detect

deception, which is known as HYDROSPHYMOGRAPH,
this instrument measures changes in pulse and blood
pressure when suspects were asked about their
involvement in or knowledge of science specific response.
• He was accorded the distinction of being the first
person to utilize a scientific instrumentation successfully
in the detection of deception.
William Moulton Marston (1915)

He was considered as the ‘father of the Modern Polygraphy’. He

dealt with the sphygmomanometer and made researchers on the
usefulness of sphygmomanometer in detecting lies which was used
to obtain periodic discontinuous blood pressure reading during a test.
He recorded the respiration and noted the time of subject’s verbal
responses.
He also experimented did we weird galvanometer to record skin
resistance changes and a gripping device to record tension.
John Larson (1921)

- He developed an instrument that continually and

simultaneously measures blood pressure, pulse and
respiration.
He designed the first two recording channel polygraph
in the history. The first mechanical form of the present
day polygraph consists of two recording components
and that is the car just FEMA graph and the new
mcgruff.
Leonarde Keeler
He made an improvement of Larson's apparatus and in
1949. He invented the ‘Keeler polygraph’ with components
for recording blood pressure pulse and respiration changes.
A galvanometer what is known as the galvanic skin reflects
or electrodermal response generally referred to as the GSR
is also added in his instrument.
He also demised a metal bellows and designed a chemo
graph that pulled at a constant speed a chart paper under
the recording pens from the role of chart paper located
inside the instrument.
John E. Reid

He designed a special chair equipped with metal

bellows for recording and observed muscular activities
of the arms thighs and feet located on the arm of the
chair and on the seat this transmit singular muscular
activity to the recording polygraph.
Vittorio Benussi (1914)

he detected deception with a new graph an

instrument that graphically measures the
inhalation and exhalation he demonstrated the
changes in breathing patterns by noting the
changes in respiration expiration ratio during
deception.
Harold Burt (1918)

he determined that respiratory changes were

indication of deception he found out that
changes in systolic blood pressure were of
greater value in determining deception than
in changes in respiration.
Luigi Galvani (1791)

he is Italian physiologist who was accorded the distinction

for developing the galvanic skin reflex GSR or the
galvanometer which records electrical bodily resistance in
terms of ohms the lowest current ever recorded the GSR
reflected emotional changes by measuring changes in
person skin resistance to electricity.
Harold Sticker (1897)

he made the first suggestion for using galvano

graph for detecting deception based on the
works of several predecessors.
Veraguth 1907

he was the first one to use the term psycho

galvanic reflex he believed that the electrical
phenomenon is due to the activity of sweat
glands.
 DEVELOPMENT OF
QUESTIONING TECHNIQUE
Leonarde Keeler (1942)

he developed the relevant irrelevant test the

theory of This test is that guilty reacts only to
relevant questions and innocent shows no
reactions.
Keeler is also credited with introducing the card
test and specialized in peak of tension test
John E. Reid (1950)

He developed the reviewed control question

consisting of unknown lie incorporated in two
relevant irrelevant test the theory of the test is to
stimulate the innocent subject to identify the general
nervous tension and guilt complex reactor and to
improve contract between innocent and guilty
subjects he also discovered the guilt complex test
administered to the overly responsive subject.
Cleve Backster (1960)

Baxter conceived of psychological set theory.

EARLY PUBLICATIONS ON
LIE DETECTION
Sir James McKenzie 1906

A famous heart specialist it was said that

polygraph exists as early as 1906 but it is not
being used to detect deception. He first
described the instrument in an article entitled
the Inc polygraph which appeared in the
British Medical Journal in 1908.
Vittorio Benussi (1913)

he presented a paper before the second meeting of

the Italian society for psychology in Rome on the
subject of his experiments regarding respiratory
symptoms of lying.
Richard O Archer 1953

The first polygraphs to record simultaneously on regular

basis the chest and abdominal breathing patterns. He was
also the first one to record simultaneously 2 galvanic skin
reflexes.
• In 1966 he founded the journal of polygraph science the
oldest of the polygraph publications.
Richard I. Golden (1969)

He presented a paper at the annual seminar of American

polygraph association at Houston TX regarding his
experiments using existing control question techniques but
requiring the subject to answer each question twice.
William Stone (1902)

wrote an article die aussage psychology the

witness psychology hypothesis sizing that
person statement depends on the cognitive
ability of the person as well as on the
interviewing process used to obtain the
statement. he was considered the father of
statement analysis
OTHER PIONEERS IN THE
FIELD OF DECEPTION
DETECTION
A.Francis Galton (1879)
B.Allen Bell Jr. and Charles Mc Quiston (1972)
C.Anton Mesmer
D.Dr. Edward Mandell House
E.Lawrence A. Farwell