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Cox Regression
ABSTRACT
POWERPOINT
TEMPLATE

Presented By:
Mubashra Inam
Introduction The analysis by cox regression is very
similar to that by logistic regression. SPSS
commands for these two models are also
very similar. The key difference is in how
 Cox regression (or proportional hazards
we interpret the coefficients.
regression) is method for investigating the
 In logistic regression model,
effect of several variables upon the time a
coefficients estimate an odd ratio.
specified event takes to happen.
 In cox regression model, this expression
 In the context of an outcome such as death
estimates the hazards ratio.
this is known as Cox regression for survival
analysis.
 Examples
taking a drug may halve one's
hazard rate for a stroke
occurring.
changing the material from which
a manufactured component is
constructed may double its
hazard rate for failure.
 Why do we use Cox
Regression?
The Cox proportional-hazards model
is essentially a regression model
commonly used statistical in medical
research for investigating the
association between the survival time
of patients and one or more predictor
variables.
 Demonstration

Let’s consider the results based on

alcohol relapse data , where time
is measured in days since an
inpatient stay and relapse is the
terminal event. (Demo on SPSS
Statistics software).
We have a plot of a survival function, reflecting the probability of a person
“surviving” beyond a given point during a 30-week observation period.
Notice that as time elapses, the probability of a person surviving (i.e., not
relapsing) beyond a given point is decreasing.
 Cox regression assumes

Proportional
that the relationship
between the hazard for A simple approach is to
the terminating event and use a hierarchical
Hazards time is not dependent (or
conditional) on the levels
regression strategy
where (a) the original set
Assumption of the covariates. For
example, if you have a
of covariates are entered
first and then following
factor variable included in To test whether the up that model by (b)
your model, then the Proportional hazards adding the relevant
assumption is assumption is met, you interaction terms.
demonstrated to the can test the interaction
extent that the hazard between the time
function does not differ measure and the
between groups. covariates in your
model. If the assumption
Cargo is violated, then you
should include the
relevant interaction
terms (alongside your
original predictors) in
your final model .
Re-analysis of initial model: Incorporating a factor variable

It is possible to incorporate a factor variable (e.g., symptoms/distress, coded 1=low,

2=medium, 3=high) into the model. Symptom3 is being treated as ordered categorical in
this demonstration.
For detailed steps with screenshots from the data, refer to the following link:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1py9AS8GZFC5Xe8qFeuqoCSnqPlauc3RM/view?usp=sharing
References and Resources
1 Luke, D.A., & Homan, S.M. (1998). Time and change: Using survival analysis in clinical assessment and
treatment evaluation. Psychological Assessment, 10, 360-378.

2
Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Pearson.

3 Schober, P., & Vetter, T.R. (2018). Survival analysis and interpretation of time-to-event data: The
tortoise and the hare. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 127, 792-798.

4 Wright, R.E. (2000). Survival analysis. In L.G. Grimm & P.R. Yarnold (Eds.), Reading and
understanding more multivariate statistics (pp. 363-408). American Psychological Association

5 https://youtu.be/bDwNkHGBixM

6 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cekgqrntOWnA2eDjJdEWMW-UwGc4W-QK/view

7 https://drive.google.com/file/d/19TAJzUAlPFiaZQHy9Xvnv5MOaEuddtft/view
THANKS