Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Biomedical Waste
Biomedical Waste
Introduction
Definition
WHO statistics
Components
Hazards
Rules and penalties BMW 1998
Management
conclusion
INTRODUCTION
• Medical care – vital in our life and health.
Liquid Gaseous
Solid waste
Waste
Wast
e
• Household waste
• Industrial waste
• Biomedical waste or hospital waste
What is Bio-medical waste ??
Definition
Waste generated during the
diagnosis, testing, treatment, research or
production of biological products for
humans or animals (WHO)
• WHO estimates
10% is infectious
5% is non-infectious.
Bio-Medical Wastes
Non-Infectious
waste, 80%
Pathological
and Infectious
waste, 15%
Radioactive,
Cytotoxic and Chemical and
heavy Sharps, 1% Pharmaceutical
metals, 1% waste, 3%
WHO has estimated that
In year 2000
• injections with contaminated syringes caused:
• 21 million hepatitis B virus (HBV)
infections (32% of all new infections);
• Two million hepatitis C virus (HCV)
infections (40% of all new infections);
• 260 000 HIV infections (5% of all
new)
Biomedical waste Statistics
In India-
1-2 kg/bed/day with variation among
Govt. and Private establishments.
Hospitals Clinics
Labs Dental clinics
Research centers Home care
Animal research Cosmetic clinics
Blood banks Paramedics
Nursing homes Funeral services
Institutions
Mortuaries
Autopsy centers
WHO IS AT RISK??
Public
Patients &
Medical & attenders
Paramedica
l staff
Sanitation
workers
Major
Minor
Both
None
BMW can cause harm to
Public
Sanitation workers
Healthcare workers
All
Hazardous health care
waste can resultin
1. Infection
3. Chemical toxicity
4. Radioactivity hazards.
5. Physical injuries
6. Public sensitivity.
Infection
The infectious agents enter into the body
through
Puncture
Abrasion
Cut in the skin
Through mucous membranes
By inhalation and ingestion.
Most Common Infections
1. Gastro enteric through faeces and/or vomit
e.g. Salmonella, Vibrio Cholera,
Helminthes Hepatitis A
2. Respiratory through inhaled secretions
e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Measles
virus; Streptococcus pneumoniae
3.Ocular infections through eye secretions
e.g. Herpes virus,
4. Skin infection through pus
e.g. Streptococcus spp ,
5. Meningitis through Cerebrospinal fluid
e.g. Neisseria meningitides
Most Common Infection Cont.
6. Blood borne diseases
• AIDS
• Septicaemia and bacteraemia
• Viral Hepatitis B & C
• Sharps
• Chemicals
• Explosive agents
Waste with high content
of heavy metals
PRESSURISED
CONTAINERS
Gas cartridges
Gas cylinders
27
Waste Sharps eg: Needles Discarded medicines
Blood bags found in the municipal waste stream in violation of rules for
such waste. 29
How did BMW come into Existence
Waste Generator
(Hospitals)
Bio-Medical Waste Flow Chart
Generator In House Segregation Common Storage Point
(HOSPITALS (Collection, Segregation Packing At
in Color Coded Poly Bags) Hospitals
)
Waste Transportation
(Approved Special
Water Vehicle)
to ETP
Treatment
Disposal (Incineration, Autoclaving
( Recycling & Landfill) and Shredding)
Categories of Biomedical Waste Schedule
as per WHO Standard
WASTE TREATMENT AND
CATEGORY TYPE OF WASTE DISPOSAL OPTION
Incineration@ / deep
Category No. 1 Human Anatomical Waste (Human tissues, organs, body parts) burial*
Animal Waste
(Animal tissues, organs, body parts, carcasses, bleeding parts,
fluid, blood and experimental animals used in research, waste Incineration@ / deep
Category No. 2 burial*
generated by veterinary hospitals and colleges, discharge from
hospitals, animal houses)
Disinfecting by chemical
Solid Waste (Waste generated from disposable treatment@@ / autoclaving /
Category No. 7 items other than the waste sharps such as
microwaving and
tubing, catheters, intravenous sets, etc.) mutilation / shredding#
37 #
Categories of Biomedical Waste Schedule
as per WHO standards cont….
38
COLOR WASTE TREAT
Doctors 56 43 (76.8)
Interns 65 25(38.5)
Nurses 83 68(81.9)
Technicians 44 12(27.3)
Attenders 78 23(29.5)
2. Purchase smallest
quantity needed, and
don’t purchase
hazardous materials if
safe alternative exists
**Use mercury-free thermometers
Steps to Manage Hazardous Wastes (cont. )
.
Microbiological waste
Autoclaving
WASTE
• Tubes used for serum separation, centrifugation of
samples, preparation of dilutions etc.
sample cups ,Tips , Caps.
Yellow bag
Contaminated gloves; latex & plastic(Uncontaminated – general
waste)
Contaminated tissue /blotting papers
Contaminated cotton
Human tissue/organs
• Incineration
• Chemical disinfection
• Inertisation
• Autoclave
• Encapsulation
• Microwave
• Shredder
• Plasma pyrolysis
• Deep burial
Every occupier generating BMW, Occupiers with more than 1000 beds
irrespective of the quantum of wastes required to obtain authorisation
comes under the BMW Rules and
requires to obtain authorisation
THANK
When did BMW rules come into existence?
•1996
•1997
•1998
•1990
How to manage BMW?
•Minimize
•Use Engineering tools
•Segregate
•All of the above