disinfection and fluoridation

By
dounia jamiel gassed
ِ saad uffi
hiba
 Disinfection
Disinfection of potable water is the
specialized treatment for destruction or
removal of organisms capable of causing
disease, it should not be confused with
sterilization, which is the destruction or
removal of all life
 Pathogens
Pathogens (disease-producing organisms) are
present in both groundwater and surface water
supplies. These organisms, under certain
conditions, are capable of surviving in water
supplies- for weeks at temperatures near 21 C˚, and
for months at colder temperatures. Destruction or
removal of these organisms is essential in
providing a safe potable water supply. Some
bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and larger organisms
ingested from contaminated water cause diseases
.varying from mild illnesses to life-threatening
A pathogen is an
infectious thing, such as
a virus, bacteria, fungi
or parasite, which
causes a disease. This
ability is called
pathogenicity
factor that effect the efficiency of
disinfection are the following

type and concentration of microorganisms •

;to be destroyed
;type and concentration of disinfectant •
;contact time provided •
chemical character and temperature of •
.the water being treated
Purpose of disinfection

Kill harmful bacteria -1

Prevent expected future -2

.pollution during water transition
 Methods of disinfection
Treatment with Chlorine (chlorination) -1
Using Ultraviolet irradiation-2
Using Ozone (ozonation)-3
Using Iodine and Bromine-4
Extreme values of pH-5
Treatment with ultrasonic waves-6
Treatment with oxidizing agents (potassium -7
permanganate)
Boiling of water-8
 Factors affecting disinfection
Contact time (effect increases with bigger -1
contact time)
Dose (effect increases with higher dose) -2
Temperature (effect increases in higher degrees) -3
PH value (effect decreases with higher PH -4
values)
Kind and concentration of microorganisms in -5
water
Turbidity of water (suspended solids may -6
protect bacteria from disinfectant effect)
A parameter known as the "CT value" was developed
to quantify disinfection efficiency and to provide a
way to gauge the removal or inactivation of Giardia
lamblla and VillISCS. A CT value is the product of
the residual disinfectant concentration, C. in mg/L,
determined at the end of the process, with the
corresponding "disinfectant contact time", T. in
minutes. The disinfec-tant contact time is based on
the time that water with 10 percent of an
approximate tracer con-centration (Tip) takes to
.appear at the sampling point at peak hourly flow
Determination of T10 The determination of T10 is
:based on two methods
.dye tracer )I(
.theoretical methods )2(
The dye (racer method uses application of a suitable
dye tracer to simulate the actual flow conditions. The
-theoretical method involves the use of a rule
The dye (racer method uses application of a
suitable
dye tracer to simulate the actual flow conditions.The
-Of thumb tomethod
theoretical establish Tip value.
involves Thisofmethod
the use a rule
provides an approximate value of Tip. Both
.methods are presented below
inactivation ratio
Inactivation Rath In order to determine the total percent
inactivation, the CT value may be calculated at each point
where "C is measured. Each calculated CT value is divided
by the tabular value of CT for desired inactivation of
Gianlia lamblia cysts and viruses found in the SW TR
tables. These tabular values are for different disinfectants at
,specified conditions of pH
The sum of the inactivation ratios for all tretment
units up to the first customer should be equal to or
greater than 1
∑ ≤1

CT Cal = CT calculated (c in mg/L, and T=T10 in min)

CT Tab = CT obtained from SWTR tables
Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
(ESWTR) The USEPA has been developing the
Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
(ESWTR) that regulates the public health risks
associated with such microbial contaminants as
Cryprosporidiant parium in drinking water. This
rule will amend the existing Surface Water
Treatment Rule (SWTR) and will include new
requirements for improved removal of panicles
from drinking water. The SWTR of 1989
established the goals of microbial integrity and
focused on reducing risks from Giardia cysts and
.viruses in surface water treatment
The USEPA has promulgated the Interim ESWTR (IESWTR)
in December 1998.10 In addition to Giardia and virus
removal/inactivation, the IESWTR adds requirements for
control of Cryprosporidium. Currently, water supplies are not
routinely required to test for Cryptorporldiumi however. the
Information Collection Rule (ICR) does require that water
systems treating surface water and serving over 10,000 people
conduct testing for the presence of the organism. The Long-
Teem 2 ESWTR will incorporate ICR data and may include
some site-specific treatment require-ments to give greater
assurance that the incidence similar to the Milwaukee
.outbreak will not be repeated elsewhere