COMPUTER

FUNDAMENTAL
 What is Computer?

Computer is an Electronic Device.

It is use to calculate and
manipulate data. If we give any
instruction to the computer it
gives us output(Result)
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER
Categories
Categories
of
of
Computer
Computer

Super
Computer

Mainframe
Mainframe Personal
Computer
Computer Computer

Mini
Computer
Server
FULL FORM OF COMPUTER
C - Commonly
O - Operating
M - Machine
P - Particularly
U - Used For
T - Technical
E - Educational
R - Research
 Computer

Hardware
Hardware Software
Software

Input Output Storage Application System

 INPUT DEVICES
Any machine that feeds data into a computer. That’s called
input devices. Key board, Mouse, track ball, light pen.

Key board Mouse

Microphone
Light pen Track ball
 Output Devices
An output device is any piece of computer hardware
equipment used to communicate the results of data processing
Monitor, Speaker, Printer, Projector, Disc etc.

Disc Printer

Projector
Monitor Speaker
 Storage devices
Storage Devices are the data storage devices that are
used in the computers to store the data. Eg. DVD, CD,
Pen drive, Floppy.

DVD Floppy

Pen Drive
CD Hard Disk
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Does all of the work for the computer
Does all of the mathematics, mainly addition
Does all the logical comparisons of values
Directs the flow of data in a computer
Controls the operation of the parts of the computer
 CPUs have three basic parts
The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
 does all
of the mathematics in a computer, does all of the logic
comparisons of values some common logic comparison symbols
= equal to
 < less than

 > greater than

 <= less than or equal to

 >= greater than or equal to

 <> not equal

The Control Unit

 directsthe flow of information into the CPU and/or memory or storage
 controls which instructions the CPU will do next

Registers
 Used to store data and instructions inside the processor

 Size of the registers can affect the speed and performance of the

processor
 MEMORY

PRIMARY MEMORY SECONDARY MEMORY

RAM ROM HARD DISK, FLOPPY, CD, DVD PEN DRIVE ETC
 Software
 Software is the general term for information that's
recorded onto some kind of medium.

 For example, when you go to the video store and rent

or buy a tape or DVD, what you're really getting is
the software that's stored on that tape or disk. Your
VCR or DVD player are hardware devices that are
capable of reading the software from a tape or disk
and projecting it onto your TV screen.

 Software is also called programs.

Types of Software

Softwar
e

System

Applica
tion
 USER INTERFACE
There are two kinds of User Interfaces

Graphic User Interface (GUI)

Presents information to the use in the form of pull-down menus and
icons. It has pull-down menus the user clicks on to display the menu
Icons
Examples:
MS-Dos (Microsoft Disk Operating System)
ProDos (Professional Disk Operating System)

Command user Interface (CUI)

Presents information to the user in the form of text., Have to type in
commands or select commands from a menu displayed as text on the
screen. It is hard to use or learn, because the user must memorize and
type in commands.

Examples:
Windows 98, Windows 2000, MacOS 
System Software Or Operating system
System Software

• Used by the computer to accomplish a task. It controls the

internal function of the computer It controls other devices
connected to the CPU

• It directs all the activities and sets all the rules for how the
hardware and software work together. MS DOS and Microsoft
Windows are examples of system software or operating system
software.
 OPERATING SYSTEM
The operating system is usually located on a disk. It Can be on either the hard disk drive,
a floppy disk, or CD-ROM disk

An operating system works with application software.

Does basic tasks, like printing a document or saving a file
The operating system starts (launches) the application software so that it can be used
 APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Application software programs work with the operating
system software to help you use your computer to do specific
types of work such as word processing to type a letter.
Application Software
Some common kinds of application software

• Word Processor software

• Database software
• Spreadsheet software
• Games
• Web Page Browsers
 Basic Computer Terms
Bit - A binary unit of data storage that can only be a value of 0 or 1.
BIOS - BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System and it is a low level
program used by your system to interface to computer devices such as
your video card, keyboard, mouse, hard drive, and other devices.
Boot - A term used to describe what happens to a computer when it
is turned on, the operating system begins to run, and then the user is
able to use the computer successfully.
Byte - 8 bits of data which has a possible value from 0 to 255.
CD-ROM disk - A disk with about 640Mb of storage capacity which
are more commonly read than written to.
CD-ROM drive - The hardware component that is used to read a
CD-ROM or write to it.
Crash - A common term used to describe what happens to a computer
when software errors force it to quit operating and become unresponsive
to a computer user.
Driver - A specially written program which understands the operation
of the device it interfaces to, such as a printer, video card, sound card or
CD ROM drive. It provides an interface for the operating system to use
the device.
File - A collection of data into a permanent storage structure. Stored on
a permanent storage media such as a computer hard drive.
Firmware - Software written into permanent storage into the computer.
Floppy disk - A low capacity storage media which can be written to as
easily as it is read.
Floppy Drive - The hardware component that is used to read or write to
a floppy disk.
Hardware - Describes the physical parts of your computer which you
can physically touch or see such as your monitor, case, disk drives,
microprocessor and other physical parts.
Internet - A network of networks which incorporate a many
organizations, physical lines, the ability to route data, and many
services including email and web browsing.
ISP - Internet Service Provider is an organization that provides the
ability to connect to the internet for their customers. They also
usually provide additional services such as e-mail and the ability to
host web sites.
MIME - multipurpose internet mail extension
Memory - Used to provide the temporary storage of information
function.
Network - A general term describing to the cables and electronic
components that carry data between computers. It is also generally
used to refer to the server computers that provide services such as
printing, file sharing, e-mail, and other services.
Operating System - The core software component of a computer
providing the ability to interface to peripheral and external devices
along with program functions to support application programs.
Parallel - A data transmission method where data is sent on
more than one line at a time. This may be any number of bits at a
time, but is usually one word at a time (two bytes) or possibly
three bytes at a time.
Protocols - A standard method used for communications or
other internet and network functions.
Security flaw - A software bug allowing an attacker a method to
gain an authorized access to a system.
Serial - A data transmission method where data is sent on a
single line and one bit is sent at a time. This is similar to a line
which one item must come one after another
Software - Describes the programs that run on your system.
SPAM - A term used to describe junk and unsolicited e-mail.
Storage Media - A term used to describe any magnetic device
that computer data can be permanently stored on such as a hard
drive or floppy drive.
URL - Uniform Resource Locator is the term used to describe a
link which points to a location of a file on the internet.
Virus - A program that runs on a system against the owner's or
user's wishes and knowledge and can spread by infecting files or
sending itself through e-mail
Vulnerability - Software errors that allow some kind of
unauthorized access when they are used or exploited.
Word - Two bytes or 16 bits of data with a possible unsigned
value from 0 to 16535.
Worm - A term used to describe an unwanted program that
uses system or application vulnerabilities to infect a computer
without the user doing anything but connecting to an infected
network.