Confined Space Entry Training: Presented By: UM-Flint Environment, Health and Safety Department

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
TRAINING
Presented by:
UM-Flint Environment,Health and Safety
Department
University of Michigan - Flint

Training Outline
 What is a confined space? General overview
of UM-Flint’s CSE program
 Evaluation/Control of Atmospheric Hazards
 Elimination/Control of Other Hazards
 Entry Procedures
» (General, Hazardous & Hot Work entry permits)
 Evacuation & Rescue
 Discussion of CS Scenarios & related equip.
 Working w/ Contractors
 Video “Life & Death Series CSE”
Training Goal
 Refresh and update employees knowledge of
CSE procedures
 Discuss roles/responsibilities
 Familiarize new employees with the UMF
confined spaces, associated hazards and entry
procedures.
 Provide employees with guidelines to:
» Identify confined spaces
» Evaluate confined spaces
» Enter confined spaces in accordance with MIOSHA
regulations and UM guidelines.
 Discuss concerns or non-routine entries.
Confined Space Entry Program
 Prevent Unauthorized Entry
 Identify Permit Space Hazards
 Develop & Follow Safe Entry Procedures
(use entry permit as guide)
 Conclude Entry (close out permit)
 Coordinate Entry Operations between
University departments as well as with
non-University agencies i.e. FFD, MPC
 Program Evaluation & Review/Revise
Section 1:
What is a Confined Space?
 A space that meets ALL THREE of the
following criteria:
1. Has limited means of entry or exit.
2. Is large enough for a person to enter and
perform work.
3. Is not designed for continuous human
occupancy.
 Employer must evaluate a space based on
the Definition…. NOT on whether or not
you may enter the space (per MIOSHA)

Types of Confined Spaces
 Non-permit required
 Permit required
» General permit … c(5) or c(7) entry
» Hazardous permit
» Hot Work

Non-Permit Required
 Meets confined space definition, and

 Has adequate ventilation, and
 Does not contain any hazards that can
cause death or harm, and
 There is absolutely no potential for a
hazardous atmosphere.

Permit Required
 Meets confined space definition and
» limited means of entry or exit.
» large enough for a person to enter and work.
» Is not designed for continuous occupancy.
 Has inadequate ventilation, or
 Has a hazardous health or safety condition, or
» (i.e. engulfment; internal configuration that could
trap/asphyxiate; converging wall, sloped/taper floor;
entrapment; exposed electrical/mechanical parts, etc.)
 Has a known or potential hazardous atmosphere.

Confined Space Evaluation
 Is it a confined space?
 Is it a permit required confined space?
 What hazards are present? Source?
 Can hazards be eliminated? Controlled?
 What type of permit is required?
 What procedures/equipment will be used to
protect the entrants?
 Use UM-f Space Evaluation form…
UM Evaluation Form
CONFINED SPACE EVALUATION FORM
SPACE LOCATION: ___________________________________________________________
SPACE DESCRIPTION: ________________________________________________________
Complete this form for any space which may be considered a confined space.
A confined space is defined as having those characteristics listed in #1 through #3 below.
YES NO 1. Is the space large enough and shaped so employee can enter and work?
YES NO 2. Does the space have a limited or restricted means for entry or exit?
YES NO 3. Is the space is NOT designed for continuous employee occupancy?
If questions #1 through #3 above are "YES", then the space is a confined space.
Continue to questions A through E below to determine if and what type of permit is required to enter.
YES NO A. Does the space contain, or have a known potential to contain, a hazardous atmosphere
(for example, flammable vapors, toxic gases or dusts, etc.), or pipes, ducts, vents or other
entry points for potentially hazardous substances, or will volatile chemicals be used, or will
painting or other work that could create a breathing hazard be done?
Specify potential or known hazards: ___________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
YES NO B. Does the space contain a material with the potential for engulfment of a worker (for
example, grain, sand or water)?
________________________________________________________________________
YES NO C. Does the space have an internal shape such that a worker could be trapped or suffocated
by inwardly converging walls, floor or ceiling?
________________________________________________________________________
YES NO D. Does the space contain other recognized safety or health hazards, such as: (check all that apply)
___ mechanical hazards;
___ exposed or vulnerable electrical wires or energized equipment;
___ restrictive entrance or exit for entrants with their work equipment;
___ special hazards related to elevation or falling; or
___ possible impediments to rescue efforts?
________________________________________________________________________
YES NO E. Will welding, cutting, torch work, or other hot work be done?
________________________________________________________________________
If you answered NO to all questions A through E, then the space is a Non-Permit Require Confined Space.
If you answered Yes to question A, then a Hazardous Entry Permit with on-site rescue is required.*
If you answered Yes to question B, then a General Entry Permit with retrieval system is required.
If you answered Yes to question C or D, then a General Entry Permit is required.
If you answered Yes to question E, then a Hot Work Entry Permit is required.
*A General Entry Permit with off-site rescue may be used, if the space is continuously ventilated and monitored.
Name: ___________________________ Signature: __________________________________
Department: __________________________________________________________________
Please return this form to OSEH, CSSB, 1239 Kipke, Box 1010. Refer questions to OSEH at 747-1142.
cseval2.doc 4/10/96

1
Types of Permits
 General Entry Permit

 Hazardous Entry Permit
 Hot Work Entry Permit

1
Confined Space Entry Permit

1
Confined Space?

1
Confined Space?

1
Confined Space?

1
What Type of Permit?

1
Confined Space?

1
Campus Utility Tunnels
 UMF utility tunnels are not considered confined
spaces because:
» Ventilated and lighted
» Designed for human occupancy
» Not generally hazardous
 However, caution must be taken when
performing work in tunnels
» Buddy system, radio communications/notifications,
other regulations do apply… could be upgraded.
 AA-OSEH is developing a new Tunnel Safety
Program… many of AA’s tunnels are CS.
1
Section 2:
Atmospheric Hazards
 How Chemicals Enter Body

 Acute and Chronic Effects
 Exposure Limits
 Identifying Atmospheric Hazards
 UEL/LEL
 Vapor Density

1
Routes of Entry
 Skin Absorption
 Inhalation
 Ingestion
 Injection

2
Health Effects
 Acute
» immediate or short term effect
 Chronic
» delayed or long term effect

2
Warning Signs
 Dizziness/Disorientation
 Weakness in knees/abnormal breathing
 Blurred vision/profuse sweating
 Chest pains/headaches
 Loss of coordination/ringing in ears
 Skin irritation/irregular heartbeat
 Lethargy or excitedness

2
What is an Atmospheric Hazard?
 Oxygen >23.5% or <19.5%

 Flammables at >10% LEL
 Above OSHA/MIOSHA PEL
 IDLH
 Combustible Dusts
 Unknown chemical spill

2
Sources of Hazardous
Atmospheres
 Spaces with known hazardous

chemicals/substances
 Spaces that lack ventilation
 Spaces that have the potential to
transfer a hazardous atmosphere
 Spaces with a work induced hazardous
atmosphere

2
Permissible Exposure Limits
 OSHA
 8 Hour TWA
 STEL
 Ceiling Limit
 Contact EHS for monitoring of
contaminants not monitored for by
standard meters
2
Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere
 <19.5%
 Sources: work induced, rusting, gases
that displace oxygen
 Simple Asphyxiants: Displace oxygen
(carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon)
 Chemical Asphyxiant: Prevent body
from using oxygen (carbon monoxide)

2
Oxygen Enriched Atmosphere
 23.0% or Greater
 Sources: Welding, or oxygen gas lines
 Increase fire and explosion hazard
 Never use oxygen to ventilate space

2
Vapors and Gases
 Vapor: Gaseous state of material

normally found as liquid or solid at
normal temperature and pressure
 Gas: Material that is found as a formless
fluid at normal temperature and
pressure

2
LEL/LFL and UEL/UFL
 LEL: Lowest concentration can ignite

 UEL: Highest Concentration can ignite
 Example: Gasoline LEL 1%, UEL 8%
 In between is explosive
 Consideration: Atmosphere above the
UEL, when ventilated may create an
explosive atmosphere
2
LEL Safety Factor
 OSHA: 10% of LEL or Greater

 Example: LEL for Methane is 5%
 Meter alarm at 10% of 5% (i.e., 0.5%)
 If exceeded (meter alarms), leave the
space and Contact supervisor and EHS.

3
Combustible Dusts
 Metal Powders - Aluminum, Magnesium,

Zinc
 Wood Products - Dust, Paper
 Rubber/Plastic/Spices/Food Products
 Rule of Thumb - Obscure Vision 5 Feet
or Less –high potential for combustion
given the right conditions.

3
Toxic or Poisonous Atmospheres
 Most Common:
» Carbon Monoxide (CO)
» Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
» Methane (CH4)
» Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

3
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
 Colorless, odorless & tasteless

 Product incomplete combustion
 Causes chemical asphyxiation
 Slightly lighter than air
 MIOSHA PEL 35 PPM, OSHA PEL 50
PPM

3
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
 Rotten egg odor

 Petroleum/Organic matter decay
 Found in sewers or petroleum holding
tanks
 <10 PPM

3
Methane (CH4)
 Colorless, odorless & flammable

 Petroleum/Organic matter decay
 Lighter than air
 Meter alarms – 10% of LEL

3
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
 Colorless, odorless & tasteless

 Byproduct of respiration and complete
combustion
 Heavier than air

3
Other Atmospheric Hazards
 Materials in the space

 Work induced hazards (e.g., welding,
painting, solvents)
 Review history of space
 Contact EHS if other contaminants are
suspected

3
Vapor Density
 Heavier than Air: Sinks

 Lighter than Air: Rises
 Air Vapor density = 1
 <1 Lighter, >1 Heavier
 Most contaminants are heavier than air
 The few that are lighter, are usually
flammable and very toxic
3
Section 3: Evaluation &
Control of Atmospheric Hazards
 Air Monitoring Equipment and

Procedures
 Ventilating, Flushing or Purging
 PPE – only after engineer controls

3
Air Monitoring
 Contaminants may not be detected by

sight or smell
 Two Types of Direct Reading:
» Electronic – Bacharach 4-gas monitor
» Detector Tubes – Drager pump
 Always monitor for oxygen, LEL and
expected toxics (CO, H2S)

4
BACHARACH Sentinel 44
 UM-F’s Four Gas Monitor - Sentinel 44
 % Oxygen, % LEL, Carbon Monoxide
(PPM), H2S (PPM)
 Alarms:
» O2 - <19.5% or > 23.0%,
» LEL - > 10%,
» CO - >35 ppm
» H2S - >10 ppm
4
Air Monitoring Precautions
 Alarm Goes Off – leave the space,

contact EHS and supervisor
 Other contaminants known or
suspected, contact EHS for monitoring
assistance

4
Air Monitoring Procedure
 Ensure monitor has been calibrated
 Turn monitor on and let warm up
 Verify monitor is functioning properly
 Zero sensors in clean ambient air-
outside the CS
 Keep sensor heads exposed
 Test space before opening the hatch
 Monitor for oxygen first…
4
Air Monitoring - Testing Order

4
Air Monitoring (continued)
 Monitor every four feet

 Monitor vertically & horizontally
 Record results on permit
 Before work, periodically during work,
and after breaks
 Continuously monitor – confidence tone
or ”beep”
4
Air Monitoring Limitations
 Sensors must be calibrated and replaced
periodically – Contact EHS
 LEL sensor needs oxygen to work
 LEL sensor is calibrated for one gas -Methane
 Sensors can take up to 2 minutes to
accurately display concentrations
 Some gases and RF emissions interfere with
sensor accuracy

4
Flushing/Purging of Space
 Lock Out/Tag Out Feeds

 Can use air, steam, water, etc.
 Removes chemical or decomposition
hazards
 Drain or pump out
 Ventilate with fresh air when complete

4
Ventilation
 Natural
 Mechanical (General or Local)
» portable/intrinsically safe
 Air monitoring determines adequate
ventilation

4
General Ventilating Technique
 Perform air monitoring

 Extend duct into space
 Open all access points
 Keep duct as short/straight as possible
 Ensure intake is at clean air source
 Ventilate 15 minutes prior to entry
 Continue air monitoring

4
Local Exhaust Ventilation
 Work induced contaminants

 Space has acceptable atmosphere prior
to work
 Place duct opening at point of
generation (air is pulled out of space)

5
Ventilating Safety Measures
 Ventilate with fresh air
 Never use pure oxygen
 Use explosion proof equipment if needed
 Make sure exhaust air is not re-entrained
 Make sure supply air is reaching all areas
of the space
 Use air monitoring to determine adequate
ventilation
 Don't block exit with equipment
5
Section 4: Recognition &
Control of Other Hazards
 Engulfment, Entrapment,
Configuration
 Other Hazards and their Control

5
Engulfment
 Liquid or Solid
 Suffocation or Drowning
CONTROL
 Elimination or Isolation of hazard
 On-site remote retrieval rescue
equipment such as the Miller tripod w/
harness and or wristlet/anklets)
5
Engulfment Hazard!

5
Entrapment/Configuration
 Inwardly converging walls
 Floor which slopes downward and
tapers to a small cross section
 Obstacles, blockages or small internal
openings
CONTROL
 On-site remote retrieval rescue
equipment such as the Miller tripod w/
harness and or wristlet/anklets)
5
Entrapment/Configuration Hazard

5
Electrical & Mechanical
Hazards
 Use Lock-out/Tag-out Procedures prior

to entry
 Isolate moving parts
 Assure equipment grounding / GFCI’s

5
Chemical Hazards
 Toxics, Flammables, Irritants,

Sensitizers, etc.
CONTROL:
 Read MSDSs
 Understand Physical/Health hazards
 Remove/ Isolate the source, ventilation
 Wear appropriate PPE

5
PPE
 Gloves
 Glasses/goggles/face shields
 Coveralls or Tyvek suits
 Safety Shoes
 Hard hats
 Respirators

5
Gloves
 Select based on hazard

 Latex - general protection
 Nitrile/neoprene - chemical resistant
 Kevlar - cut/puncture resistant

6
Respirators
 Air Purifying Half or full mask.
 Filters and cartridges are for specific
atmospheric hazards.
 Not for IDLH or oxygen deficient
atmospheres.
 SCBA for IDLH conditions and not permitted
for UMF employees’
» Escape packs not used for re-entry
 Respiratory Protection Program & Medical
Monitoring is required.

6
Heat Stress & Cold Stress
HEAT COLD
 Dehydration
 Frost Bite
 Heat Rash
 Hypothermia
 Heat Fatigue
 Heat Cramps CONTROLS:
 Heat  Mechanical Ventilation
Exhaustion  Fans, Heaters, Air

 Heat Stroke Conditioners

6
Noise
 AL: 85 dBA
 PEL: 90 dBA
 Communication is difficult
CONTROLS:
 Remove or isolate the source
 Wear Hearing Protection
 Other means of communication

6
Slips, Trips & Falls
 Good housekeeping practices

 Fall Protection
 Tie off ladders
 Hard hats & slip resistant soles
 Lower/raise equipment by rope. Don't
carry on ladders
 Barriers around openings

6
Power Tools and Lighting
 Tools are grounded & insulated
 Insulating blankets when arc welding on
metal
 Equipment grounding/GFCI’s
 Provide adequate lighting. Grounding &
spark hazards of portable lighting
 Tools & lighting should be explosion proof
when necessary
6
Section 5: Entry Procedures
 Employee roles
 Proper procedures for general, hot work
& hazardous entry permits

6
Employee Roles
 Attendant (spotter)
 Authorized Employee (entrant)
 Entry Supervisor
 Rescue Personnel
» DPS & Flint Fire, or
» Contract CSE Rescue team i.e. MPC
» IDLH conditions require On site rescue team
 EHS – On-site for Hazardous entry

6
Entry Procedures
 Evaluate the space/ Identify hazards
 Pre-entry briefing
 Inform DPS
 Isolate/control hazards
 Perform air monitoring
 Complete, sign and post permit
 Monitor entrants
 Exit space and close out permit
 Debriefing
 Return completed/closed permit to EHS
6
Pre-Entry Briefing
 Use the Evaluation Form and Permit to
walk through the evaluation process
 Discuss with supervisor to consider
previous entries and history of the space
 Review of conditions, controls,
procedures & contingencies
 Determine whether or not on-site rescue
team is required… contact EHS.
6
Pre-Entry Checklist
(just before entry)
 Inform DPS & EHS

 Atmospheric monitoring
 Inspect and test equipment prior to use
 Communication procedures
 Rescue/emergency procedures
 Review space use history
 Verify training
 Supervisor verify safe entry conditions, etc.
 Sign & post permit
7
Non-Permit Required
Confined Space
 Meets definition of confined space, but
no health or safety hazard
 Two employees (buddy system)
 Means of communication
 Can be re-classified to a permit required
space for work induced hazards… i.e.
use of chemicals/solvents, welding, etc.
 Examples: ceiling spaces,

7
General Permit Required
Confined Space
 Meets definition of a confined space
and has a potential or known health or
safety hazard
 Atmospheric hazard eliminated by
ventilation
 Two Authorized Employees (One
Designated as Entry Supervisor)

7
General Entry Permits
 Pre-entry Briefing
 Communication
 Continuous Air Monitoring/Ventilation
 Trained (Authorized) Employees
 Elimination of hazards
 PPE
 Off-site Rescue

7
Hot Work Entry Permit
 Welding, burning, cutting or torch work

 Provisions same as in general permit
 If contaminants cannot be controlled by
ventilation & air monitoring: Retrieval
System and On-site Rescue must be
used

7
Hazardous Entry Permit
 Cannot eliminate atmospheric hazard

 Provisions of General Permit Plus:
» EHS Representative On Site,
» On-site Rescue and Retrieval System
Mandatory

7
Section 6: Evacuation & Rescue
 When to Evacuate the Space

 Rescue Procedures

7
When should the Confined
Space be evacuated?
 Hazardous atmosphere
» Alarm on monitor
» Overexposure symptoms of entrants
 Unanticipated health or safety hazard
 Damage to PPE or failure of controls
 Attendant cannot perform duties
 Permit expires

7
Rescue
 If Entrant Becomes Incapacitated
 Three Types:
» Remote (retrieval system)
» Off-site (Contact DPS 911 & FFD)
» On-site (MPC/ Contract on-site rescue team
& DPS)
 Under No Circumstances is
Attendant/Spotter to enter the space

7
Spotter, Retrieval System, &
On-site Rescue Team (MPC)
 First call DPS on the radio.
 If injured due to causes not related to
environment/atmosphere-Wait for Fire
Dept.
 If injured due to environment or
atmosphere, then use remote/on-site
rescue, if possible.

7
Spotter, Retrieval System &
Off-Site Rescue Personnel
 Contact DPS on radio
 If injury due to causes not related to the
environment/atmosphere-Wait for Fire
Dept.
 If injured due to environment or
atmosphere - use retrieval equipment
 If retrieval fails - Wait for Fire Dept.
 If unsure - Wait for Fire Dept.

8
Spotter & Off-Site Rescue
 Contact DPS on by radio

 Wait for Fire Dept.

8
Section 7: Miscellaneous
 Contractors
 UMF Confined Space related
documents
 Future drills and exercises

8
Outside Contractors
 Inform the contractor of confined spaces
 Identify spaces they may be entering, and
respective hazards
 Must have own Confined Space Entry
Program and employee training current.
 Coordinate with other workers. Each group
entering space issues a separate permit.
Work activities cannot conflict.
 EHS is available to review contractor’s
program.
8
Review UMF CSE Documents
 Evaluation form
 Entry Permit
 Contractor Notification
 Revised List of UMF Confined Spaces
 UMF/UMAA Confined Space program
 MI Part 90 Confined Space Entry
Regulations
8

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CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

University of Michigan - Flint

University of Michigan - Flint

University of Michigan - Flint

 Meets confined space definition, and

University of Michigan - Flint

University of Michigan - Flint

University of Michigan - Flint

 General Entry Permit

University of Michigan - Flint

University of Michigan - Flint

University of Michigan - Flint

University of Michigan - Flint

University of Michigan - Flint

University of Michigan - Flint

University of Michigan - Flint

 How Chemicals Enter Body

University of Michigan - Flint

University of Michigan - Flint

University of Michigan - Flint

University of Michigan - Flint

 Oxygen >23.5% or <19.5%

University of Michigan - Flint

 Spaces with known hazardous

University of Michigan - Flint

University of Michigan - Flint

University of Michigan - Flint

 Vapor: Gaseous state of material

University of Michigan - Flint

 LEL: Lowest concentration can ignite

 OSHA: 10% of LEL or Greater

University of Michigan - Flint

 Metal Powders - Aluminum, Magnesium,

University of Michigan - Flint

University of Michigan - Flint

 Colorless, odorless & tasteless

University of Michigan - Flint

 Rotten egg odor

University of Michigan - Flint

 Colorless, odorless & flammable

University of Michigan - Flint

 Colorless, odorless & tasteless

University of Michigan - Flint

 Materials in the space

University of Michigan - Flint

 Heavier than Air: Sinks

 Air Monitoring Equipment and

University of Michigan - Flint

 Contaminants may not be detected by

University of Michigan - Flint

 Alarm Goes Off – leave the space,

University of Michigan - Flint

University of Michigan - Flint

 Monitor every four feet

University of Michigan - Flint

 Lock Out/Tag Out Feeds

University of Michigan - Flint