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Fiber Optics and Opto-Electronics: Optical Sources
Fiber Optics and Opto-Electronics: Optical Sources
OPTO-ELECTRONICS
Optical sources
BY
M. RAJARAO
General block diagram of optical communication system
OPTICAL SOURCES: INTRODUCTION
Fundamental function:
To convert the electrical energy in the form current
into optical energy (light) in an efficient manner
Requirements :
The size and shape of the source should be compatible with the size
of the fiber so that it can couple max. power into the fiber.
The response of the source should be linear.
It should emit monochromatic radiation at the wavelength where
the fiber has low losses and low dispersion.
It should provide sufficient optical power so that it overcomes the
transmission losses down the link.
Should have a very narrow spectral width in order to minimize the
dispersion.
Must be capable of maintaining a stable optical output which is
unaffected by changes in ambient conditions.
It must be reliable and cheap as far as possible.
Optical sources
Eg
n p ni exp( )
2 k BT
Extrinsic semiconductors: n-type
hole electron
Mechanism behind photon emission in LEDs
If the p-n junction is forward biased, the majority carriers from
both sides cross the junction and enter the opposite sides. This
results in an increase in the minority carrier concentration on the
two sides. This process is known as minority carrier injection.
The injected carriers diffuse away from the junction, recombining
with majority carriers.
This recombination of electrons and holes may be
Either radiatively (in which case a photon energy is emitted)
Double hetero-junction
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)
n n0 e t /
Where n0 is the initial injected excess electron density
and τ is carrier life time
The total rate at which carriers are generated is the sum of
the externally supplied and the thermally generated rates.
dn(t ) J n
dt qd
q : charge of the electron; d : thickness of recombination region
When there is a constant current flow into LED, an
equilibrium condition is established.
In equilibrium condition: dn/dt=0
J
n
qd
Internal quantum efficiency: Where τ is Bulk recombination life
time
Rr nr nr r
int
Rr Rnr r nr r r nr
For homo-junction LEDs the internal quantum efficiency
is about 50%, for double hetero-junction LEDs is about
60-80%
Optical power generated internally in the active region in
the LED is
I hcI
Pint int h int
q q