Africa Regional Conference: Iawj Human Trafficking in Africa: A Regional and Domestic Response

AFRICA REGIONAL
CONFERENCE: IAWJ
Human Trafficking in Africa:
A Regional and Domestic
Response
18 OCTOBER 2007
Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour

Outline of Presentation
• Definition of child trafficking
– ILO Conventions
– Main elements of child trafficking definition
– Definition of Trafficking vs.Migration
• Role of different UN agencies re trafficking
• Nature & extend of child trafficking in sub-region
– Nature & extend of child trafficking in sub-region – South Africa, Botswana,
Lesotho, Namibia & Swaziland
• ILO programme in sub-region
– TECL child trafficking activities in sub-region
• TECL activities against child trafficking in South Africa: CLPA, Pilots, Research,
Legislation, Asset Forfeiture & Lessons learnt & action required
• TECL action on child trafficking in the BLNS countries
• TECL action on child trafficking on region level
• Summary
• Questions & Answers

Definition of child trafficking
• Under international law, child trafficking is a crime involving the movement of
children for the purpose of their exploitation
– The concept is defined in the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in
Persons, especially Women and Children of 2000, known as the Trafficking Protocol. It
supplements the UN Convention against Trans-national Organized Crime.
– Child trafficking is defined a Worst Forms of Child Labour according to ILO Convention No.
182 of 1999, or C182. It classifies trafficking among “forms of slavery or practices similar to
slavery” and hence a worst form of child labour to be eliminated as a matter of urgency.
• Short Definition: A child has been trafficked if the child has been moved within a
country, or across borders, whether by force or not, with the purpose of exploitation
– The two forms of human trafficking constitute the world’s third largest illegal trade, after arms and drug
trafficking
• The concept of child trafficking can be unpacked further drawing primarily from
these two international instruments.
– Overview of C182 – Worst forms of child labour
– Main elements:
• A child is a person under the age of 18 years;
• Organised movement of a child
• Purpose of the movement: exploitation;
• Movement that renders the child vulnerable
• No force or deception is required (regarding children)

ILO Conventions
Worst forms of child
Minimum Age of Employ- labour convention,
ment Convention, 1973 1999 (C182)
(C138)
Commercial sexual
Covers ‘employment’ and exploitation
‘work’ more broadly
All forms of slavery or
Children under 15 practices similar to slavery
• Minimum age for work:15 . • Bonded labour
years
ILO members • Child trafficking
• Laws may permit light work
for children of 13 and 14 realised there
is a need to Using of children in illegal
But work may not be harmful prioritise the activities
for their development Worst Forms
of Child • Drug trafficking
• Exemptions may be made in
exceptional cases Labour • Housebreaking gangs
e.g. Performing arts
Children in very
Children 15-17 hazardous activities
• Law may not allow them to • To be defined by each
do work country
• “Usual” production
• which is likely to methods may be
jeopardize their health, hazardous to children
development etc. Because of their higher
vulnerability
Definitions: Child work, child labour and worst forms
of child labour
All regarding work by children under 18 years
Increased seriousness
Child work Child labour is work Worst Forms of Child
by a child that is Labour
is work that is not
bad for a child’s exploitative,
health, schooling or hazardous or Commercial sexual
development otherwise inappro- exploitation of
priate for the child’s children
Example: age;
reasonable
household chores detrimental to the Children used by
that do not affect child’s schooling; adults to commit
schooling crime
detrimental to the
child’s social,
physical, mental, Child trafficking
spiritual or moral
development. Very hazardous work
Main elements of child trafficking
definition (1)
A child
• is a person under the age of 18 years
Organised movement of a child

• someone has organised the movement of a child - a transaction is
involved
Movement that renders the child vulnerable

• may be across international borders or within a country and where the
movement has rendered the child vulnerable, and the vulnerability
was planned to be exploited.
do not have close relatives at their destination, do not have money or
means to return home,
cannot speak the language, are disadvantaged by their legal status,
suffer a lack of access to basic services (education and health care),
or do not know the environment
definition (2)
Movement for exploitation:
• The trafficking protocol (Article 3(a)) provides that exploitation includes:
the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation,
forced labour or services,
slavery or practices similar to slavery,
servitude or
the removal of organs
• By stating that exploitation these kinds of exploitation it is clear that other
kinds of exploitation are also included in the definition, such as labour
exploitation.
• Exploitation can occur at the beginning, middle or end of the trafficking
process.
• All those who have contributed to it and knew that what they did was likely to
lead to the exploitation of the child
recruiters, intermediaries, document providers, transporters, corrupt officials,
employers and exploiters – are traffickers.
• Conversely, a person moving a child without the intention, knowledge or
suspicion that the child would be exploited is not likely to be a trafficker
definition (3)
Movement for labour exploitation
• When read with the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention – C182, in the context of
child labour, labour exploitation of children includes all kinds of work that exploits a child.
• This overlaps with the forms of exploitation referred to in trafficking protocol.
• But also includes work which,
by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to harm the health, safety or
morals of children
all forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery, debt bondage and serfdom
and forced or compulsory labour, including forced or compulsory recruitment of
children for use in armed conflict (Convention 182, Art. 3(a));
the use, procuring or offering of a child for prostitution, for the production of
pornography or for pornographic performances (C182, Art. 3(b));
the use, procuring or offering of a child for illicit activities, in particular for
the production and trafficking of drugs as defined in the relevant
international treaties (C182, Art. 3(c));
work which, by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely
to harm the health, safety or morals of children (C182, Art. 3(d) and C138, Art.
3);
• Covers a broader scope of vulnerability and areas of exploitation of children
definition (4)
No force or deception is required - regarding children
child trafficking occurs whether the child was moved voluntarily or by force
provided the other elements of the definition are met.
If during or soon after the child's movement there are elements of force, violence, or
unreasonable restriction of the child movement at their place of work, or other
harmful effects of the work on them
it would be a strong indication that trafficking may have occurred.
How is child trafficking different to trafficking in adults?
• Difference in definition
• State custodian of all children
What does this mean?
That we must be much more protective towards children?
Services to CHILDREN should be prioritised (rather than to adults)?
Belief that the outline presented will
• promote also the use of C182 with the other international protocols and regional charters
and local legislative frameworks and
• the interests of vulnerable groups including children as a specific group affected by
human trafficking
Definition of Trafficking vs.Migration
• Where the movement of the child was not done with the purpose of
exploitation, this is not child trafficking even where the child still ends
up in exploitation.
– Even where the movement has led to greater vulnerability of the child and
to labour exploitation.
• National laws may provide that migration-related child labour, even
where this falls outside of the definition of child trafficking, is
considered a worst form of child labour.
– Ito Article 3(d) of C182 worst forms include work which, by its nature or the
circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to harm the health, safety
or morals of the child.
– These kinds of work must be determined by national laws or regulations,
after consultation with the organisations of employers and workers
concerned.

Role of different UN agencies re
trafficking
• UNODC: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
– Custodian obo UN on trafficking in general tasked with assisting states to ratify
and implement provisions of the international Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and
Punish the Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children.
• IOM: International Organization for Migration
– Promotes the positive management of migration and the protection of the rights
of migrants globally, and works closely with the UN system through global
agreement on various issues. Focus on regional activities (cross-border
trafficking)
• UNICEF: United Nations Children’s Fund
– Support implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which
includes the protection of children from exploitation and abuse, including
trafficking
• ILO: International Labour Organization
– Trafficking in children for purposes of labour exploitation, which constitutes one
of the worst forms of child labour and amount to forced labour ito C182

Global Initiative to Fight Human
Trafficking
• United Nations launched the Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking
(UN.GIFT).
• The Steering Committee for this initiative involves a number of UN agencies
at global level.
• The Southern African cooperation initiative on trafficking is a first-of-a-kind
regional development that builds on the UN.GIFT
– At the heart of the issue is closer collaboration and teamwork
• Among international agencies, governments and NGOs
– The organisations asserted two factors, in particular, are critical to combating
human trafficking
• Dedicated legislation on trafficking within every country and
• Effective working agreements between countries
– Close cooperation will enhance
• information sharing,
• strengthen the pool of expertise and
• enable the agencies to provide better support to the Southern African region as a whole.
• thereby enhancing the prospect of cross-border working agreements between
countries.
–

Nature & extend of child trafficking
in sub-region
• Widely agreed that there is an absence of reliable information regarding the
extent to which trafficking in person is taking place either globally or on the
African continent itself.
– The clandestine & transnational nature thereof makes it extremely difficult to
apprehend or prosecute offenders or to verify information ito the scope and
nature of the problem.
• Some efforts have been made to quantify the extent of trafficking on the
global scale.
– US government sponsored research report, 2006 approx 800 000 people are
trafficked across national borders every year
• this figure does not include those trafficked within their own countries.
– 80% of transnational victims are women and girls and
– 50% are minors.
• UNICEF correctly points out that their estimated figure 700,000 women and
children trafficked every year in the world has yet to be tested scientifically.
• With this proviso in mind the following outline of the extent of the problem of
trafficking in women and children

in sub-region – South Africa (1)
• According to the TIP report SA is a source, transit & destination
country for trafficked men, women, and children.
– SA girls are trafficked internally for
• commercial sexual exploitation and domestic servitude
• primary provinces of origin are the Eastern Cape and Kwa-Zulu Natal &
primary provinces of destination are Gauteng and the Western Cape
– African countries are trafficked to SA for
• commercial sexual exploitation & domestic servitude: women and girls
• agricultural labour: boys and young men
– Thai, Chinese, & Eastern European are trafficked to SA for
• debt-bonded commercial sexual exploitation.
– Another aspect that manifests itself in SA is the trafficking of refugees
• Cape Town has been singled out as the principle destination point for
trafficked victims of refugee producing countries.

in sub-region – South Africa (2)
• Causal or facilitating factors:
– Internal trafficking
• An increase in unemployment and poverty
• High drop-out rates at school levels
• Inadequate service provision & poor understanding of policy implementation
on the part of service providers
• An increased demand for sex with children from SA
• Lack of awareness about the concepts of sexual exploitation and trafficking
• Inadequate legislation
• Lack of arrests and convictions of traffickers and sex offenders
– Trafficking to SA
• the economic situation in SA
• factors such as the breakdown in extended and nuclear families
• changes in cultural attitudes and practices
– Despite the existence of available info, the exact numbers of children
being trafficked in and outside SA has not been quantified and neither
has the actual monetary income that this illegal activity generates been
established.
in sub-region – Botswana
• Is named as a transit country for children being trafficked from other
countries into SA for child labour, including commercial sexual exploitation
• Rapid Assessment study undertaken by ILO only identified 2 children that
had been trafficked.
– Traditional movement of children between sections of the family was widespread
• purposes of care or education, which constitutes child fostering within the framework of
the extended family
• in return, child is instructed and expected to perform duties such as child minding,
livestock herding, fetching water, running errands, and performing other domestic
duties
• Local journalist noted that while the situation is not as extreme as in other
countries it is indeed a problem.
– Internal trafficking manifests through the proactive “sale” of children by parents
who cannot support them or the targeting of poor families by people who take
their children away with the promise of food, clothes and education.
• domestic workers or farm labourers.
– Is prevalent in areas adjacent to farms, where there is likely to be an occurrence
of child labour, which in Botswana is closely linked with child trafficking.

in sub-region – Lesotho
• Is named as a country of
– origin for trafficking in women and children
• mainly to SA
– transit and destination to a lesser extent
• Street children
– both male and female
– from Maseru are trafficked
– out of the country
– by long distance truck driver for sexual exploitation
purposes
– become sex-slaves who are on route to other African
countries such as Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi
in sub-region – Namibia
• Substantive information regarding trafficking of persons is not
readily available.
• The TIP report provides no information.
• The ILO rapid assessment study undertaken
– only identified and interviewed 8 children who were trafficked for
• domestic/agricultural work, commercial sexual exploitation or any other
work.
– however did hear of other cases where trafficking was known or
suspected.
• SANTAC report
– internal trafficking found of girls as young as 13 and 14
• moved from Keepmanshoop, Okahadja to Oshikango
– cross border trafficking
• 10 Namibian prostitutes were among 188 14-25-year-old foreign prostitutes
freed from British brothels, massage parlours and private homes since
February 2006.

in sub-region – Swaziland
• Substantive information regarding trafficking of persons extremely limited.
• The TIP report provides no information.
• The ILO rapid assessment study undertaken
– Research involved the collection of qualitative data from a sample of 110 Swazi
children employed as
• domestic workers, herders, farm workers, vendors and gardeners.
– Research findings indicated that
• Initial contact leading to their employment in distant places was usually made at the
children’s homes, and often involved family or relatives.
• Potential employers promised employment, cash payment, and/or care and upkeep.
– While most of the promises were kept, others were not.
• Most of the children did not oppose the idea of being employed because they wanted to
– secure employment,
– escape poverty and deprivation and
– improve their standard of living and that of the family as a whole.
• Most of the children were not related or previously known to their employers.
• Working conditions of the children were often characterised by long hours of hard work,
without rest, almost throughout the week.
– This state of affairs left them without time to play, relax, and interact with others, still less to do
schoolwork.
– However, some of the findings suggest that not all of children in the sample were
trafficked in the sense understood by some of the international legal instruments.
ILO Programme in sub-region
• International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
– Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour
(TECL)
• ILO members
– Government; Labour; Business
– IPEC programme: also works with NGOs
• Covering 5 countries
– South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Botswana and Namibia
• Main objective
– To assist the countries to set up informed national action programmes
for the elimination of child labour (BLNS)
– To assist the countries to implement key actions steps identified in
national action programmes for the elimination of child labour (SA)
– As required by the countries’ ratification of ILO C182: Elimination of the
Worst Forms of Child Labour

TECL activities against child
trafficking in South Africa: CLPA (1)
• The Child Labour Programme of Action
– National effort by government, organised business,
organised labour and civil society to address child
labour
– It includes strategies to work towards the elimination
of worst forms of child labour, including Child
Trafficking
• Departments of Home Affairs, Foreign Affairs and Social
Development
– The CLPA has been updated in 2007 from its initial version in
2003 – now called the CLPA-2, and will run 2008-2012
• See the child trafficking steps at www.child-labour.org.za
TECL activities against child
trafficking in South Africa: Pilots (2)
• On-the-ground pilot projects in Gauteng
– Addresses commercial sexual exploitation of children and child trafficking
– Collaborate with already existing organisation: 6 pilot programme
• Hillbrow, Pretoria, Winterveldt
– Focus on prevention. Activities incl.:
• Development of awareness raising material to children at risk
• Training of peer educators and outreach work
• Bridging / remedial teaching
– Focus on withdrawal. Activities incl.:
• Establishment of 24h crisis centre (the 1 st in Jhb!)
• Support to shelters
• Support to outreach activities
– Focus on educational rehabilitation. Activities incl.:
• Development of life skills material
– Compiling education and health profile on CSEC/CT children
– Compiling directory of education / skills development opportunities available to CSEC/CT
children in reality (what has proved to work, where?)
– Assistance to access formal and informal education
– Focus on mainstreaming
• Feed lessons learnt and successful methods into relevant government structures, and fill gaps to
improve circumstances of these children

TECL activities against child trafficking
in South Africa: Research (3)
• Research: (get a clearer picture of nature and extent)
– Situation analysis, policy and literature review on CSEC & CT –
finalised
• Very few grassroots organisations specialising in these two worst forms of
child labour
• No national policies (other than Child Labour Programme of Action)
• Falls between the mandate of many government departments
– Often confusion re where responsibility lie
– Gaps in handovers of children
• Exact extent not known – little reliable data due to the mostly hidden nature
– More research (snapshots) under preparation
• Educational profile of children benefiting from the programme
• Qualitative research on these two worst forms of child labour at key sites

in South Africa: Legislation (4)
• Assistance with legislation dealing with child trafficking
– One of the most comprehensive attempts to assess responses by
governments to the problem of trafficking is the annual TIP Report of the
US State Department.
• The 7th annual TIP report was released on 12 June 2007.
– South Africa is on the Tier 2 Watch List for its failure to show increasing
efforts to address trafficking over the last year
• Ironic, as the Children’s Act 38 of 2005 has been passed, albeit not promulgated.
• The lack of specific anti-trafficking statutes and explicit penalties for trafficking
crimes continued to hamper law enforcement efforts
– To enhance its ability to combat trafficking,
• the government should fully implement the provisions of the Children's Act
against child trafficking as it specifically criminalises child trafficking
• raise awareness among government officials as to their responsibilities under
these provisions;
• develop procedures for victim protection, incl the screening of undocumented
immigrants for signs of victimisation before deportation;
• ensure the Human Trafficking Inter-Sectoral Task Team is granted the authority
to play its coordination role;
• government should compile national statistics on trafficking cases prosecuted
and victims assisted, as it does for other crimes.
in South Africa: Legislation (4)
• Proposed amendments
– Section 110: Reporting a child in need of care and protection
• 110. (1) Any … or volunteer worker … who on reasonable grounds
concludes that a child has been abused in a manner causing physical
injury, sexually abused or deliberately neglected or involving
exploitation, if it is in the best interest of the child concerned, must
report that conclusion to …
– Section 305
• 305. (1) A person is guilty of an offence if that person—
• (a) commits an act in contravention of the prohibition set out in section
12(2), (3), (4), (6), (7), or (8), or section 141(1);

in South Africa: Legislation Cont (5)
– Section 141: Exploitative child labour – new to align with C138 and C182 &
seriousness of crime
• 141. (1) No person may—
– (a) use, procure or offer a child, or attempt to do so, for slavery or practices similar to slavery
including but not limited to debt bondage, servitude and serfdom, and forced or compulsory
labour or provision of services;
– (b) use, procure, or offer a child, or attempt to do so, for purposes of commercial sexual
exploitation;
– (c) use, procure or offer a child, or attempt to do so, for the commission of any offence listed in
Schedule 1 or Schedule 2 of the Criminal Procedure Act, 1977;
– (d) require or permit a child to engage for that person’s benefit in begging or scavenging or
collecting waste from waste dumps or garbage.
• (2) A court may convict a person who contravenes section 141(1)(c) of both –
– (a) an offence in terms of section 141(1)(c); and
– (b) if that person also commits the offence that they used, procured or offered a child to
commit, or attempted to do so, that offence.
• (3) If a person is convicted of a offence in terms of sub-section 1 read with section
305(1)(b) the court on convicting that person and determining a sentence must
consider as a factor in aggravation of sentence –
– (a) that South Africa has ratified the International Labour Organisation’s Worst Forms of Child
Labour Convention, 1999;
– (b) that the offence constitutes a worst form of child labour in terms of that Convention.
• (4) A social worker or social service professional who becomes aware of instances of
child labour or contraventions of the provisions of the Basic Conditions of Employment
Act, 1997 must report it to the Department of Labour, in the manner as will be
prescribed.
in South Africa: Legislation Cont (6)
• Amendments required regarding the s 75 Act - Definitions
– Definition: ‘abuse’ …
• (d) child labour that involves the exploitation of a child [a labour
practice that exploits a child]; or …
– Definition: 'exploitation’ …
• (a) any activity prohibited in terms of section 141(1); and
• (b) the removal or attempted removal of body parts

in South Africa: Asset Forfeiture (7)
• Purpose
– To pilot action regarding asset forfeiture as an intervention to discourage worst forms of child labour,
including child trafficking;
• Taking action against perpetrators benefiting from proceeds derived from criminal activities
– Two legged process
• Civil proceeding: seizing of assets derived from criminal activities
• Criminal proceedings: prosecuting of perpetrator
– Prosecutor to proof the instrumentality of the asset to the illegal activity
• Overall Objectives
– Run pilot project together with the Asset Forfeiture Unit of the NPA aimed at seizing of assets related to
cases of worst forms of child labour
– Put in place tools & programmes to facilitate future asset forfeiture activities in the context of WFCL
• Elements
– To identify potential cases regarding WFCL incl CT where asset forfeiture could be an appropriate
intervention
– To advise on what measures should be put in place to protect those involved incl the children and to
involve other players as needed to facilitate protection of such children
– Once potential cases are identified assist with the draw up an initial dossier and to facilitate action to be
taken to seize assets in appropriate cases
– To assist the AFU in the preparation of asset forfeiture proceedings as appropriate, in particular, to
provide expert evidence relating to the prevalence of the particular type of WFCL
– In general, to raise awareness within the justice sector on worst forms of child labour, including child
trafficking and the need to consider asset forfeiture measures
– To draw up guidelines to be used for future cases of potential asset forfeiture
Lessons learnt so far & action required
(1)
• Role of Government
– The absence of a specific law on child trafficking is a serious loophole that
undermines the global effort to stop child trafficking.
– Often not clear which government department to approach: Protocols are needed
and must be enforced
– All children to be treated equally – including immigrant and refugee children:
departments must take responsibility for these children ito monitoring and
facilitate assistance required such as issuing of required documentation to
enable access to schools, grants etc.
 Organisations assisting these children are
– Swamped with children in dire need
• More shelter beds must be secured
– Financially struggling – difficult to access state funding
• Sufficient & continued funding must be secured
– Insufficient human resources – high turnover in staff/volunteers, each child is
very time consuming
– Struggling to get documents for children – no identity book / birth certificate no
grant, no access to school
– Struggling to get children into school
• Real access to education & skills training must be secured

Lessons learnt so far & action required
(2)
• Greater community awareness
– Of worst forms of child labour, including child trafficking is needed
• Ubuntu is still alive!
• What can you do?
– Applauded the progress made by South Africa in developing legislation against
child trafficking but urged to move with speed to put such laws into effect!
– To promote the need for legislative and judicial intervention!

TECL child trafficking activities in BLNS
countries
• Research on trafficking of children:
– Botswana, Namibia and Swaziland completed
– Will be used to inform a 5-country report on child
trafficking – end Oct 07
• Policy
– CT is not an offence in the BLNS countries
– National Action Programme on the Elimination of
Child labour being drafted in Botswana, Lesotho,
Namibia and Swaziland
• All will address the issue of child trafficking

TECL action on child trafficking on
region level
• To assist other UN agencies in addressing issues regarding
trafficking in children
– Regional agreements / protocols / instruments:
• drafting or ensuring that current drafts are aligned with the countries’ efforts
to eliminate child trafficking
– Training
• for SARPCCO countries: UNODC
• handbook on trafficking to be used for training prosecutors, immigration
officials and social workers in SA: IOM
– Support to regional forums
– Participates in sub-regional conferences
• such as Africa Regional Conference: IAWJ

Summary
• C182 read with other international laws and protocols
– highlights the difference between child trafficking and adult
trafficking
• Nature of vulnerabilities exposed to requiring specific action and
support to children
– Provides broader category of exploitation to be considered
• Labour exploitation – incl worst forms of child labour
• Legislative reform
– Need to push to get legislation in place / implemented as priority
if in place
• Need to consider international laws / protocols etc
– Can also be used as an interim measure with constitutions in place!

THANK YOU
Questions & Answers

For more info: tecl@tecl.org.za / (012) 431-8827/9
Mr Dawie Bosch: Chief Technical Advisor

Ms Elna Hirschfeld: Programme Coordinator


Africa Regional Conference: Iawj Human Trafficking in Africa: A Regional and Domestic Response

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AFRICA REGIONAL

Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour

Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour

Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour

Organised movement of a child

Movement that renders the child vulnerable

Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour

Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour

Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour

Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour

Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour

Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour

Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour

Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour

Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour

Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour

Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour

Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour

Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour

Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour

Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour

Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour

Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour

Questions & Answers

Mr Dawie Bosch: Chief Technical Advisor

Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour

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