IoT Architecture

Outline

IoT Overview

Arsitektur IoT

Komponen Utama IoT

IoT Overview
• IoT merupakan jaringan smart object yang saling terhubung
melalui Internet, sehingga objek-objek tersebut dapat saling
berkomunikasi dan melakukan berbagai task untuk penggunanya.
• IoT merupakan architectural framework yang memungkinkan
integrasi dan pertukaran data antara physical world dan system
computer melalui infrastruktur jaringan yang tersedia.
IoT Overview (cont.)
Faktor pendorong berkembangnya IoT:
• Ubiquitous connectivity  konektivitas atau jaringan internet dimana-
mana dengan biaya yang semakin murah dan kecepatan tinggi.
• Adopsi IP-based networking.
• Berkembangnya peralatan computer dengan harga yang lebih rendah
dan low-power comsumption.
• Berkembangnya cloud computing dan big data analytic.
IoT Overview (cont.)
Arsitektur Sistem IoT
• Ada beberapa model arsitektur system IoT yang diusulkan oleh sejumlah
peneliti.
• Three-layer architectures
• Arsitektur yang paling dasar
• Diusulkan pada masa-masa awal IoT research
• Kurang spesifik
• Five-layer architectures
• Cloud-based and Fog Computing architectures
• Taxonomy
Three-Layer Architectures
• The perception layer is the physical layer, which has sensors to
detect and collect information about the environment. It detects Application
some physical parameters or identifies other intelligent objects in Layer
the environment.
• The network layer is responsible for connecting to other intelligent Network
Layer
tools, network devices and servers. Its functions are also used for
the transmission and processing of sensor data.
• The application layer is responsible for providing specific Perception
Layer
application services to the user. It defines several applications in
which one can use the Internet of Things, such as Smart Homes,
Smart Cities and Smart Health.
Five-Layer Architectures
• The transport layer transfers sensor data from the perception Application
Layer
layer to the processing layer and vice versa using networks
such as wireless, 3G, LAN, Bluetooth, RFID and NFC. Business Layer
• The processing layer is also known as the middleware level. It
stores, analyses and processes huge amounts of data coming Processing
Layer
from the transport layer. It can manage and provide several
services at lower levels. It employs many technologies such as Transport Layer
databases, cloud computing and big data processing modules.
• The business layer manages the entire IoT system, including Perception
applications, business and profit models, and user privacy. Layer
Cloud-based Architectures
• Data processing is performed centrally by computers in
the cloud. Application Layer
• This type of architecture is called cloud computing and is
widespread since it offers great flexibility and scalability.
• It offers services such as basic infrastructure, platform, Data Processing
(Cloud) Layer
software and storage.
• Developers can take advantage using storage tools,
software tools, data mining, machine learning tools and
Physical Layer
visualization tools through the cloud.
Fog Computing Architectures
In the fog computing, sensors and network gateways are
part of data processing and analysis.
• The monitoring level controls power, resources,
responses and services.
• The pre-processing layer performs the filtering,
processing and analysis of the sensor data.
• The temporary storage layer provides storage features
such as replication, distribution, and data storage.
• The security level performs encryption/decryption and
ensures data integrity and privacy.
Taxonomy
• Architectural Component
• The perception layer
• The pre-processing layer
• The communication layer
• Software Component
• The middleware
• The application layer
Taxonomy (cont.)
• Architectural Component
• The perception layer, collects data using sensors, which are the
most important drivers of the IoT.
• The pre-processing layer, filters the data before sending it to the
network. This component usually has a small amount of temporary
memory, a small processing unit and some security features.
• The communication layer. Different entities communicate on the
network using a diverse set of protocols and standards.
Taxonomy (cont.)
• Software Component
• The middleware creates an abstraction for the programmer to hide
the details of the hardware.
• The application layer is the main applications of the IoT in the real
life: home automation, assisted life, health and fitness, intelligent
vehicle systems, smart cities, smart environments, etc.
Komponen Utama IoT

Hardware
• Menjadikan physical object responsif dan memberikan kemampuan untuk
memperoleh data serta memberikan respon terhadap instruksi.

Software
• Memungkinkan pengumpulan, penyimpanan, pemrosesan, manipulasi data
dan memberikan instruksi.

Communication Infrastructure
• Terdiri atas protocol dan teknologi yang memungkinkan physical object
untuk saling bertukar data.
Smart Object
• Smart Object ditentukan oleh:
• Object identification
• Sensors
• Actuators
• Communication protocol
• Identification of location
• Memory
Object Identification
• Object identification is usually based on auto-id technologies such as:
• RFID, Bluetooth beacons etc.
• Bar-, QR-Code
• Image recognition
• Biometrical identification:
• Fingerprint, Iris-recognition, Face recognition
• Analysis of surface structures
• GPS in combination.
Hardware

• Sensor
• RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)
• Actuator
• Microprocessor and microcontroller
• Raspberry and Arduino
Hardware - Sensors
• All IoT applications must have one or more sensors to collect
data from the environment.
• IoT sensors are mostly small, have a low cost and consume little
energy.
• Some types of sensors:
• Sensors on mobile device
• Medical sensors
• Environmental and Chemical Sensors
Hardware – Sensors (cont.)
• Sensors on mobile device
• The accelerometer, which detects the movement and acceleration of a
mobile phone.
• The camera and microphone, which acquire visual and audio information,
which can be processed to detect various types of contextual information.
• The magnetometer, which detects magnetic fields.
• The GPS (Global Positioning System), which detects the position of the
phone
• The light sensor, which detects the intensity of the surrounding light.
• The proximity sensor, which uses an infrared (IR) LED, which emits IR rays.
Hardware – Sensors (cont.)
• Medical Sensors
• There are many wearable detection devices (such as smart watches,
wristbands, monitoring patches and smart textiles).
• They are equipped with medical sensors that can measure various
parameters such as heart rate, pulse, blood pressure, body temperature,
respiration rate and blood glucose levels.
• In addition, smartwatches and fitness trackers are becoming very popular
on the market.
• For example, a smart watch includes features such as connectivity with
a smartphone, sensors such as an accelerometer and a heart rate
monitor.
Hardware – Sensors (cont.)
• Environmental and Chemical Sensors
• Environmental sensors are used to detect parameters in the physical
environment such as temperature, humidity, pressure, water
pollution and atmospheric pollution.
• Chemical sensors are used to detect chemicals and biochemicals.
• These sensors can be used to monitor pollution levels in smart
cities, by controlling the quality of food in smart kitchens, by
testing food products and agricultural products in supply chain
applications.
Hardware - RFID
• RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is an identification technology
in which an RFID tag (a small chip with an antenna) carries data,
which is read by an RFID reader.
• The tag transmits data stored in it via radio waves.
• There are two types of RFID technologies: near and far. It can go up
to hundreds of meters.
• RFID tags are of two types: active and passive.
• Active tags have a power source and passive tags have no power
source.
• Passive tags draw energy from the electromagnetic waves
emitted by the reader  cheap and have a long life.
Hardware - RFID (cont.)
• RFID technology is used in various applications such as supply chain
management, access control, identity authentication and object detection.
• The RFID tag is linked to the object to be tracked and the reader detects and
records its presence when the object passes it.
• In this way, it is possible to track the movement of the object.
• For access control, an RFID tag is connected to the authorized object.
• For example, small chips are positioned in the front of vehicles. When the
car reaches a barricade on which there is a reader, read the tag data and
decide if it is an authorized car. If so, it opens automatically.
Hardware - Actuator
• An actuator is a device that can make a change in the environment by
converting electrical energy into some form of useful energy.
• Actuator dapat berdiri sendiri (stand-alone)  seperti sebuah output
device.
• Actuator juga dapat dikombinasikan dengan sensor IoT.
• For example, we can consider a Smart Home system, consisting of many
sensors and actuators.
• Actuators are used to lock/unlock doors, turn on/off lights or other
electrical appliances, alert users of any threats via alarms or notifications
and control the temperature of a home (via a thermostat).
Hardware - Microprocessor
• Microprocessors are normally called central
processing units or CPUs of a microcomputer.
• They are the heart and the brain of a computerized
machine.
• A microprocessor is a small computer that is used to
perform arithmetic and logic operations such as
system control and data storage, etc.
• The microprocessor processes the input or output
data devices and provides the function to get the
results.
Hardware - Microcontroller
• The microcontrollers are like small computers in
which a CPU, a memory unit like RAM and ROM, I/O
devices, timers, counters, are incorporated in an
integrated circuit (IC).
• The microcontrollers are designed to perform
particular operations that help to control particular
systems.
• Once the microcontroller is programmed, it can
operate autonomously and can perform operations
or activities as and when it is requested.
Hardware - Raspberry
• Raspberry Pi is a fully functional computer, a system-
on-chip device (SoC), which runs on a Linux operating
system specially designed for it, called Raspbian.
• Most Linux software applications can be installed on
it.
• Like a computer, Raspberry has memory, processor,
USB ports, audio output, graphic driver for HDMI
output
• It has several models and revisions like Raspberry Pi,
Raspberry Pi 2, Raspberry Pi 2 Model B + and
Raspberry Pi 3.
Hardware - Arduino
• Arduino is a microcontroller, which is not as
powerful as Raspberry Pi and can be considered
as a component on the computer.
• But it's a great hardware for electronics projects.
• It does not need OS and software applications to
work, we just need to write a few lines of code to
use of it.
• There are many Arduino boards such as Arduino
UNO, Arduino PRO, Arduino MEGA, Arduino DUE
etc.
Network
• Connectivity  Types of connectors we can find in an IoT system
• Link Protocol Layer  How these devices send data.
• Transport  Addressing and routing of data packets.
• Session/Communication  It offers services that allow users
working on different machines to talk to each other through the
communication network.
• Data aggregation/Processing  When the device lots of data it is
necessary to extract some results from them.
• Data Storage  Where to store these great quantities of data.
Communication Protocol
Some of communication protocols that allow the exchange of information:
• Bluetooth low energy (BLE): provides a low power variant to classic Bluetooth with
a comparable communication range.
• Near-field communication (NFC): enables two electronic devices to communicate
within a short range.
• WiFi (802.11b, g, n).
• Z-Wave: provides short-range, low-latency data transfer at rates and power
consumption lower than Wi-Fi. Used primarily for home automation.
• ZigBee: provides low power consumption, low data rate, low cost, and high
throughput, for personal area networking.
• GSM, 3G, LTE, 4G.
Platform
 The platform connects the data network to the sensors and
provides many tools, using backend applications.
 Some of IoT platforms:
 Amazon Web Services (AWS) IoT, Microsoft Azure IoT, Google
Cloud Platform, IBM Watson
Terima Kasih