Project

Topic:Solar Panel
Worked by:Lavdimir Ferraj& Briken Shehaj
Accepted from prof.Sonila Daiu
Solar panel

 A  solar cell panel, solar electric panel, photo-voltaic

(PV) module or just solar panel is an assembly
of photo-voltaic cells mounted in a framework for
installation. Solar panels use sunlight as a source of
energy to generate direct current electricity. Arrays of
a photovoltaic system supply solar electricity to
electrical equipment.
Solar array mounted on a rooftop
History
 In 1839, the ability of materials
to create electric charge from
light exposure was first
observed by Becquerel.In 1881,
Charles Fritts created the first
commercial solar panel, which
was reported by Fritts. However,
these solar panels were
inefficient, especially compared
to coal-fired power plants.In
1939, Russell created the model
of modern solar panels.
Theory and construction

Photovoltaic modules use light energy from the Sun

to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect.
Most modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon
cells or thin-film cells. Cells must be protected from
mechanical damage and moisture. Most modules are
rigid, but semi-flexible ones based on thin-film cells
are also available. The cells are usually connected
electrically in series, one to another to the desired
voltage, and then in parallel to increase current. The
power (in watts) of the module is the mathematical
product of the voltage (in volts) and the current (in
amperes) of the module.
Technology

Most solar modules are currently produced from crystalline silicon (c-
Si) solar cells made of multicrystalline and monocrystalline silicon.
Emerging, third generation solar technologies use advanced thin-film cells.
They produce a relatively high-efficiency conversion for a lower cost
compared with other solar technologies. Also, high-cost, high-efficiency, and
close-packed rectangular multi-junction (MJ) cells are usually used in solar
panels on spacecraft, as they offer the highest ratio of generated power per
kilogram lifted into space.
Order of module connection

 Module electrical connections are made in series

to achieve a desired output voltage or in parallel to
provide a desired current capability (amperes) of
the solar panel. Conductor wires have different
strengths and metal contents. Bypass diodes may
be incorporated or used externally, in case of
partial module shading, to maximize the output of
module sections still illuminated.
Smart solar modules
Several companies have begun
embedding electronics into PV
modules. This enables
performing MPPT for each
module individually, and the
measurement of performance
data for monitoring and fault
detection at module level. Some
of these solutions make use of
power optimizers, a DC-to-DC
converter technology developed
to maximize the power harvest
from solar photovoltaic
systems.
Solar thermal panels
They allow you to have hot water for your home with solar energy.
When sunlight passes through a panel and is refracted by the glass, its
wavelength changes, which produces heat. The heat is captured by a
liquid and transferred to the hot water cylinder. Solar water heating
systems can be active or passive. Active systems have circulating
pumps and controls and they are further subdivided into direct and
indirect circulating systems. In a direct circulation system the water of
the house is pumped through the solar panels and in the house. In an
indirect circulation system there is a closed loop of heat transfer fluid,
which does not reach the taps. A pump circulates the liquid to heat the
water for use in your home.
Photovoltaic solar panels
Solar photovoltaic panels allow you to generate
electricity from the sun. The panels contain
silicon cells that create an electric current when
hit by sunlight. You can also invest in a battery
to save energy. Can be charged when the power
is ready for use when needed.
 Hybrid solar panels
 
Hybrid solar panels are a combination of a photovoltaic solar panel
and a solar thermal panel in one.

 
Applications
 There are many practical applications for the
use of solar panels or photovoltaics. It can
first be used in agriculture as a power source
for irrigation. In health care solar panels can
be used to refrigerate medical supplies. It can
also be used for infrastructure.
A solar array composed of a solar panel with 24 solar
modules in rural Mongolia
Technicians installing photovoltaic
modules on a roof-mounted rack
 Reference:

 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel

 https://www.mrsolar.com
/what-is-a-solar-panel/