Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Protein Metabolism: by Dr. Mustafa Kahtan Al-Bayaty
Protein Metabolism: by Dr. Mustafa Kahtan Al-Bayaty
Metabolism
By
Dr. Mustafa Kahtan Al-Bayaty
Proteins
• Proteins are the primary constituents of the body and
they may be structural or functional.
1. The stomach.
2. The pancreas.
1. Hydrochloric acid.
2. Pepsinogen (zymogen).
3. Rennin (in infants).
Protein in
stomach
Stimulates
Gastrin release
Stimulates
Release of
gastric juice
Contains
1. Hydrochloric acid.
2. The enzymatic action of pepsin itself.
Pepsin function:
• it cleaves long polypeptide chains into a mixture of smaller peptides and
some free amino acids.
Pepsinogen
(Inactive)
Smaller peptides
Long polypeptide Pepsin cleaves
chains of proteins
+
Free amino acids
Action of pepsin
Renni
n
• It is important in the digestive processes of infants. It is absent in adults.
Rennin function:
1. Trypsin.
1. Carboxypeptidase.
2. Chymotrypsin.
2. Aminopeptidase.
3. Elastase.
Digestion in
small intestine
1. Trypsin.
2. Chymotrypsin. 1. Aminopeptidase.
3. Elastase. 2. Dipeptidase.
4. Carboxypeptidase.
Activation of pancreatic proenzymes
• After the 2nd phase of digestion by intestinal enzymes,
all ingested protein is converted into free amino acids.
1. Nitrogen equilibrium.
2. Disposal of ammonia in the form of urea in the liver by reactions of the urea cycle.
• The first two reactions take place in the mitochondria while the
remaining reactions take place in the cytosol of the liver.
• In urea cycle, four ATPs are consumed in the synthesis of one urea
molecule.
The general equation describing urea cycle is given
below:
5 steps, 5 enzymes
Ammonia + 4 ATP Urea cycle reactions
Urea
Significance of urea cycle
1. Prerenal uremia.
2. Renal uremia.
3. Postrenal uremia.
Causes of prerenal uremia: