eGovernance

Anil Lad
System Manager,
Assessor and Collector of taxes , KDMC
 Agenda today
• Concepts of e-Governance
• Status of e-Governance
• Way ahead – Language Computing
• Tackling Digital Divide
• Use of mobile in e-Governance
• Use of Tablets
 What is eGovernance?

• The use of information and communication

technologies in government work
• Information and communication
technologies (ICT)
– Computers
– Internet (websites, email)
– Mobile phones
 eGovernment advantages
• Cost-effective
– Cheap way of making info available
– Saves printing and distribution costs
– Reaches people in remote places
• Fast
– Make immediate changes to info
– Info available 24 hours/day, 365 days/year
• Better
– Easy access to large amounts of info
• Eg publications, production data, fertilizer recommendations
– Reduce corruption
– Store info that might get lost
 Role of ICTs in Making Governments
Effective
• As a manager of Public Resources
• As a provider of services
• As a catalyst for development
• As a beacon of hope for a better future for all
sections of the society
• Create TRUST in Citizens that expected out
comes will happen. Positive experience
reinforces TRUST
 Essence of e-Government
e-Government has the following essential components:
Involves process of reform in the way Governments work, share information and
deliver services to external and internal clients
Clear intent of greater transparency in functioning
Achieving greater efficiency
On-line delivery of services to citizens/ businesses targeting concrete benefits such as
convenient access (time and place) , less transaction time, and lower cost.

Harnesses information technologies such as Wide Area Networks (WAN), Internet ,

World Wide Web, and mobile computing to connect computerized back ends that
enable process reform with front ends that service the citizens electronically.
On-line does NOT necessarily imply Internet. It implies that transactions access/
update data bases immediately to minimize errors and speed up processing. If
applications are submitted electronically, the movement and processing of
documents is also electronic.

The resulting benefits could be more transparency, empowerment, greater

convenience, less corruption, revenue growth, and cost reduction.
Electronic Service Delivery Modes
Internet
access Licensed
Kiosks

Agency-level Web Portal

Websites/ Portals Assisted
One-stop Service
Centers
Rural/Urban Kiosk
Data center and
Online delivery of Communications
Multiple services in
a single agency

Computerized
Agency-level Front-end With
Back-end manual back end
Computerization
Data Base of
Customers
 How Do Delivery Channels Differ?
• Self use versus assisted by staff
• 24X7 operation versus restricted days and timings
• Services offered by single agency versus multiple
agencies from different levels of Government
• Online delivery of one/few steps in a service versus
the entire tasks or several steps done in one go
• Services handled--Receipts/Payout/Documents
• Location of access point
• Access equipment: PC, Cell Phone, ATM, Phone
 Successful e-delivery of Services
• Issue of land titles in Karnataka
– 18 million titles issued earning a fee of Rs.270 million (51% loans; 14% verify
mutation;16%courts). Small sample study quote reduction in corruption; Rs
700 million in bribes and Rs 66 million in wages
• Railway Reservation in India-5 billion passengers per yr
– 0.55 million bookings/day, 8520 trains, less than 10K on Internet
• Property Registration in Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh
– Maharashtra, 2.2 million documents and annual collection of Rs. 29 billion.
Only 8% said they paid bribes, only 40% relied on touts vs. to 94% elsewhere
– In AP 400 offices at a cost of $ 5 million. 5.7 million documents, 3.6 million
encumbrance certificates, 2 million market valuation slips
• eSeva center in Andhra Pradesh at $ 7-8 million investment
– Used by 3.5 million citizens Collection of Rs 3 billion per month
• OPEN-on line tracking in Seoul Municipality
• Citizen Service Center (mobile), Bahia, Brazil
– 27 agencies, 550 services and 8 million transactions/year in 2002
– Mobile unit for 417 townships and 250,000 transactions/year
Mosaic dimensions
OUTCOME PARAMETERS

Transparency

Accountability

Corruption 11

free
e-Governance Requirements
Evolution of e-Governance
Channels in India
Online/or
Mobile
Services

Self Service Networks

Citizen Service Centres

Banks for payment collections

Departmental Counters

1980’s 1990’s 2004 2008 2009

onwards
 NeGP MISSION MODE PROJECTS (MMPs)

Central (9) State (11) Integrated (7)

• Income Tax • Agriculture • e-Biz
• Central Excise • Property Registration
• EDI
• Passports/Visa • Land Records - NLRMP
• Transport • India Portal
• Immigration
• Treasuries • CSC
• MCA 21 • Commercial Taxes • NSDG
• National ID / UID • Gram Panchayats
• Pensions • Municipalities • e-Courts
• e-Office • Police - CCTNS • e-Procurement
• Banking • Employment Exchange
• Insurance • e-District

NeGP COMPONENTS
 Policies, Standards and Guidelines  Capacity Building and Training
 Infrastructure  Awareness & Assessment
(SWAN, CSCs , SDC )  Technical Assistance
Support Infrastructure

14
14
 Service Delivery and
Development Challenges People
People Development
Development

Change
Public Service Management
Reforms

Governance People Strategy Information

Innovation Strategy Knowledge
R&D and Entrepreneurial Management
Management
Inventions Development

CRM,
Funding
Customer/Citizens Customer
models Service &
Satisfaction

E-Society/
E-Services E-Administration E-Business
Democracy
 e-Governance
• e-Governance refers to governance processes
in which ICT play an active and significant role
for
– efficient and effective governance,
– making government more accessible and
accountable to the citizens.
– providing new governance services and products
Four phase e-Governance reference
model
 Centalized Monitoring &
Management
MIS Reports

Network
Operations Centre
Analytics
Queries

Audit Compliance Data

warehousing
 Components of eGovernance
Hardware: The physical equipment in a computing
environment such as the computer and its
peripheral devices (printers, speakers...)

Software: The set of instructions that operates

various parts of the hardware. Also termed as
“computer program”
 Computer Software
• The HW needs SW to be useful; the SW needs HW
to be useful

• When the user needs something done by the

computer, he/she gives instructions in the form of
SW to computer HW

• These instructions need to be written in a language

that is readily understood by computer
 Machine Language
• That language is called the machine language

• Machine language, though readily understood by

microprocessors, is very difficult to write in for
human programmers

• Language translators were invented to overcome

this problem
 Language Translators
• Human programmers write programs in a language
that is easy to understand for them

• They use language translators to convert that

program into machine language – a language that is
easy to understand for the uPs

• We’ll have more to say about the machine language

and language translators in a future lecture
 Software Development
• Writing very short programs is easy, but developing
reasonably-sized programs is quite difficult as you are going
to learn over the next few years

• The SW development process involves many steps, and

coding, that is typing the instructions in a high-level
language is only a small part of that process – taking-up
only around 15% of the effort

• A summary of the steps involved is shown on the screen.

We’ll have more to say about them during the 20th lecture
The Software Development Process

Concept & Feasibility

User Requirements
Developer Specs
Planning
Design
Implementation
 Tow Major Types of SW

• System SW
– Programs that generally perform the background tasks in a
computer. These programs, many times, talk directly to the HW

• Application SW
– Programs that generally interact with the user to perform work
that is useful to the user. These programs generally talk to the
HW through the assistance of system SW
 Hardware

Device Driver
Operating System

Language Scientific Business Productivity Entertainment

Utility
Translator Apps. Apps. Apps. Apps.

System software

Application software
 System SW are programs that …
• Control the overall operation of the computer
– OS

• Interact directly with HW

– Device drivers

• Perform system management & maintenance

– Utilities

• Are used to develop or maintain other programs

– Language translators
 Operating System
• Performs its work invisibly to control the internal functions
of a computer, e.g. maintaining files on the disk drive,
managing the screen, controlling which tasks the uP
performs and in what order
• It interacts directly with the computer HW
• Other SW normally does not directly interact with the HW,
but through the OS

• Examples:
Windows Mac OS Linux
Unix Solaris DOS
CP/M VMS
 Firmware
• OS components that are stored permanently on
chip (ROM) and not on the disk drive

• When a computer is powered-on, firmware is the

first program that it always executes

• Firmware consists of startup and a few low-level

I/O routines that assist the computer in finding
out and executing the rest of the OS

• On IBM-compatible PC’s, it is called BIOS

 Utilities
Computer programs that perform a particular
function related to computer system
management and maintenance

Examples:
1. Anti-virus SW
2. Data compression SW
1. Disk optimization SW
2. Disk backup SW
 Language Translators
Programs that take code written in a HLL and translate it
into a low-level language that is easily understood by the uP

1. Compiler translates the program written in a HLL in one

go. The translated code is then used by the uP whenever
the program needs to be run

2. Interpreter translates the HLL program one statement at

time. It reads a single statement, translates it into machine
language and passes that machine language code to the uP
and then translates the next statement, and so on …
 Device Drivers
• A computer program that facilitates the
communication between the computer and a
peripheral device (e.g. printer, mouse, etc.)

• It takes the instructions and/or data from the

computer and converts them into a form that is
readily understood by a peripheral device, and vice
versa
 Application SW
Application SW are programs that interact directly with the
user for the performance of a certain type of work

• Scientific/engineering/graphics SW
– Mathematica; AutoCad; Corel Draw
• Business SW
– The billing system for the mobile phone company
• Productivity SW
– Word processors; Spreadsheets
• Entertainment SW
– Games
• Educational SW
– Electronic encyclopedias; The VU Web site
 Another way of classifying SW
• Shrink-Wrapped SW
– You can just go to a shop and buy it

• Custom-built SW
– You cannot just go to a shop and buy it; you have to find
someone who can develop it for you
 Shrink-Wrapped SW

• SW built in such a way that it is useful for many

different users in many different ways

• Example: MS Word. Individuals use it and so do

many large corporations. It is used for writing one-
page letters and also to typeset books
 Custom-Built SW (1)
• SW built for a particular organization to fulfill the
needs of that particular organization

• Example: A system for predicting the preferences of

the Nortwest Airline pilots

• This type of SW is expensive because the builder

has to recoup costs and make a profit from a single
sale
 Custom-Built SW (2)
• The delivery time is longer

• Customers get more productivity out of it because

it is built according to their exact specifications –
just like a custom-built shoe fits better, but
generally is more expensive, and requires a longer
period for delivery
 Who Owns Software?
• Generally, although a piece of SW that is being used
by millions, it is not owned by any of them!
Instead, it is owned by the maker of the SW

• The makers let us use their SW but keep the

ownership to themselves. When we buy a SW
package, we do not really buy it – we just buy a
license that allows us to use it, the ownership stays
with the maker

• However, there are variations on this theme …

 3 main types of SW licensees
1. Proprietary – Most software on a Windows PC or
a Macintosh belongs to this category

1. Freeware – Most software on a Linux PC belongs

to that category

1. Shareware – the category which lies between

the above two categories
 Proprietary SW License
• The user needs to pay the maker of the SW for buying a
license that allows the user to use the SW

• The license, generally, does not transfer the ownership of

the SW; it just allows the user to use it

• The user is legally barred from making copies of the

licensed SW. Generally, the license is for the personal use
only

• Most SW in use in the world is of this type

• Examples: Windows, Mac OS, MS Word, Adobe

Photoshop, Norton Antivirus
 Types of Proprietary Licenses
• Single-user license
• Multi-user license
• Concurrent-user license
• Site license
 Freeware SW License
• Also known as “Public Domain SW”

• Allows the user free use of the SW

• The author, however, generally retains ownership

• Can usually be downloaded from various Web sites

• Examples: Linux; LaTeX; Netscape Web browser – the

Navigator; MS Web browser – the Internet Explorer

• Why give away SW for free? (message board)

 Open-Source SW License
• Some authors give away the machine code only, which is
extremely difficult to modify, if at all!

• Others even give away the high-level language source code

so that users can make changes according to their own
requirements

• The later practice is called open-source licensing

• Examples: Linux; Netscape Navigator

 Shareware SW License
• Allows the user free use of the SW, but with a request that
the user pay the author a small amount (US$10-50) if the
user is satisfied with the SW
• The author retains ownership
• Can usually be downloaded from various Web sites
• Examples: WinZip, Download Accelerator
• Why give away SW (initially) for free?
– The author is an individual or a small business that cannot afford
to advertise. No one’ll even try the SW if it had a price
– The expectation is that the user will try the SW for free, find it
useful, and then pay the very small price for the SW
 Trialware
• Similar to shareware, but different

• The SW is usable for a short period only

• After an initial trial period that can range from a week to a

few months, the SW self-destructs

• Can be downloaded from the Internet or alternatively, the

user can receive a copy my snail-mail by writing to the
maker of the SW

• Why trialware?
– So that the customer can have a risk-free trial for a limited-period
only
Data Structures
• A data structure is a user's implementation of a data
abstraction that does not already exist in the language.
• we can define a data structure to describe a group of related
data, such as a "record" in a file.
e.g.
Student record (definition)
ID Number Family Name Given Names Date of Birth

Example (content of such a record)

11112222 "Citizen" "John Andrew" "12/04/1989"

Four phase e-Governance reference
model
 MUNICIPALITIES
MUNICIPALITIES MINISTRY OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT
e-Services Operational Proposed
Registration/ Issue of Birth/ Death Certificates
Payment of Property Tax
Payment of Utility Bills
Management of Utilities that come under ULBs
Grievance and Suggestions
Building Plan Approvals

49
NATIONAL e-GOVERNANCE PLAN (NeGP)

SDC SWAN

Internet

100,000 CSC
27 MMPs
For Service
Delivery

Web-enabled Anytime, Anywhere - Services & Information

50
State Data Centres
 SDC Status
J&K

Himachal
Pradesh
HP
Chandigargh Punjab Arunachal
Punjab
Uttarakhand Pradesh
Delhi Sikkim
Haryana
Haryana

UP
Uttar Pradesh NGL
ASSAM
Rajasthan
Bihar MGH MNP
BiH
WB TRIPURA
West Bengal
MIZORAM
Gujarat
Gujarat MP JHD
Jharkhand
SDC - Go Live
D CHH
a 3 July - Aug ‘10
Orissa
Orissa

m
D Maharashtra
a Maharashtra

a
n 6 Sep - Oct ‘10
d
&
r
aD 6 Nov – Dec‘10
i AP
Andhra
Pradesh

u G
o
Karnataka

9 Jan - Feb ‘11

Karnataka
a

7 Mar-Apr ‘11 Andaman

Laksha Pondicherry
dweep TN
Tamil
Kerala Nadu

Kerala 2 DPR yet to be received

2 Opted Out
State Wide Area Networks
 SWAN STATUS
J&K

Himachal

CHD HP
Pradesh

Arunachal
Punjab
Punjab Uttarakhand Pradesh
Haryana
Haryana
Sikkim
Delhi UttarUP
Pradesh Assam NGL
Rajasthan
MGH MNP
Bihar
Bihar

TRIPURA
WestWB
Bengal
MZR
Gujarat
Gujarat MP JHD
Jharkhand

CHH
Orissa
Orissa
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
SWAN implemented

Implementation at Advance
Goa AP
Andhra
Pradesh stage
Karnataka
Implementation in Progress
Karnataka
Bid Process Initiated
Pondicherry
Lakshadweep TN
RFP/ BoM under preparation/revision
Tamil

Kerala Kerala Nadu

Opted Out from SWAN Scheme

 SERVICE DELIVERY STRATEGY

Internet
State Data Centre
..

CSC State Portal

CSC Internet
SSDG
CSC

SWAN

State
Registration Revenue
Districts
SHQ
Blocks Transport Municipalities Collector’s
Office
Taluks
Govt. Departments at various levels Tehsil / Taluks

55
 ORGANIZATIONS SUPPORTING e-GOVERNANCE

NeGP
PMU

NIC (National Informatics Centre)

Application Development, Core
Implementation, Standards Infrastructure 27 MMPs
Projects

CCA (Controller of Certifying Agency)

Digital Certification

STQC
Standards
Testing
Quality Certifications

CDAC (Centre For Advanced Computing)

R&D
Local Language Interface •& 7 more •& 4 more
Future technology Roadmap
Future technology Roadmap
L1 – E-GOVERNANCE
Reform Elements

• Appointment of State Technology Advisor

• Preparation of Municipal E-Governance Design Document (MEDD) on the basis of
National Design Document as per NMMP (national mission mode programme)
• Assessment of MEDD against National E-Governance Standards
• Finalization of Municipal E-Governance implementation action plan for the city
• Undertaking Business Process Reengineering (BPR) prior to mitigation to e-governance
system
• Appointment of Software Consultant / agency for development, deployment and
training
• Exploring PPP option for different E-governance services
• Implementation of integrated and comprehensive E-governance initiatives
L1 – E-GOVERNANCE
Issues

• How to ensure system integration for better and quicker database

development, service delivery and monitoring and evaluation?

• How to ensure enterprise wide approach to e-governance vis a vis

departmental approach?

• How to manage change (to overcome resistance and lack of staff

capacity) in the context of E–Governance?

• What are the challenges and capacity support required to accelerate

implementation of e-governance programme?
 Digital divide
The digital divide has been described as
an exacerbated form of other already existing
divides – many of which are the causes
of social exclusion.
Social inclusion for all in an information age
requires internationally recognised rights for
communication and access to ICTs, and concerted
efforts to protect the social sphere of ICTs.
 Digital Opportunity Index

Opportunity Utilization

1/3 1/3

DOI

Infrastructure

1/3
6 March 2006 Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int www.wsis.org 62
 Digital Opportunity Index
percentage of population
internet users
covered by mobile
per 100 inhabitants
cellular telephony
mobile cellular tariffs ratio of broadband
as a percentage of internet subscribers to
per capita income internet subscribers
internet access tariffs ratio of broadband
as a percentage of
per capita income
DOI mobile subscribers to
mobile internet subscribers

Proportion of households proportion of households

with fixed line telephone with a computer

mobile cellular subscribers mobile internet subscribers

per 100 inhabitants per 100 inhabitants

proportion of households with

Internet access at home
6 March 2006 Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int 63
 What is Social Exclusion?
The various ways in which people are kept
from fully participating economically,
politically, socially, and culturally in society;
Is a result of not having power and hence
access to decision-making that could
influence policies or create opportunities for
improving their standard of living.
 Social exclusion because of...
• poverty
• ethnic and cultural factors
• oppression and corruption
• gender
• geography
• literacy and skill levels
• physical disability and illness
• others
 Way Forward
• Quality Education
• Telemedicine & Health
• Renewable Energy and Energy
Efficient Devices

• Financial Inclusion
• Skill Upgradation
Use of mobiles
Use of PDAs
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

Trimble GPS & PDA

69
Use of Tablet PCs
 How will Project Offices use tablet PCs?
• Attribute data entry/editing:
– Sites and pedons (Pedon PC has a user interface
specifically designed to fit tablet screens)

Tri-State SS Meeting, Pasco, WA 71

 Intro to Sticky Notes

Write or draw in sticky note

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