Isabella Thoburn College

Internal Assessment
Paper I: Non-Chordata
Topic: Origin of
Deuterostomes Submitted by:
Name: Anju
Submitted to:
Yadav
Department of Zoology Class: M.Sc. Semester
Isabella Thoburn I College Roll No.
College Lucknow Z/21/44 University
Roll No.
Origin of
Deuterosto
mes
 What is a Deuterostome?
1.T h e word “Deuterostome” is d e r i v e d from the Greek word deutero
m e a n i n g “second”, and st o m a m e a n i n g “mouth”. T h e d e u t e ro s t o m e s d e v e l o p
a “second-mouth”.
2.T h e D e u t e r o s t o m e s a r e a c l a d e o f a n i m a l s t h a t u n d e r g o d e u t e r o s t o m y
during their e m b r y o n i c dev e lo pme nt.
3.D e u t e r o s t o m e s a r e t r i p l o b l a s t i c , c o e l o m a t e a n i m a l s w i t h i n t e r n a l s k e l e t o n .
4 .T h e y a r e a s i s t e r - c l a d e o f t h e P r o t o s t o m e s , a n d t o g e t h e r w i t h P r o t o s t o m i a
an d th e i r o u t- g ro u p X e n ac o e lo m o rp h a, th e se c o m p o se th e B i l ate ri a, an i m als
with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers.
5 .S o m e e x am p le s of d e u te ro sto m e s in c lu d e v e rte b rate s, se a stars, an d
crinoids.
 Characteristics of
Deuterostome
1.The defining characteristic of the deuterostome is the
fact that the blastopore (the opening at the bottom of
the forming gastrula) becomes the anus, whereas in
protostomes the blastopore becomes the mouth.
2.The deuterostome mouth develops at the opposite
end of the embryo, from the blastopore, and a digestive
tract develops in the middle, connecting the two.
 Deuterostomy
1. In d e u te ro sto m y , rad ial o c c u rs, w h e re b y th e
c le av ag e b lasto m e re s are c e n tral ax is an d
arran g e d
characterized alo
b y nseveral
g a tiers o f cells s tacked is o n top of each
other.
2.Radial cl e av a g e is o n e o f t h e d e f i n i n g features o f t h e
d e u t e r o s t o m e d e v e l o p m e n t , cont rastin g t h e spiral c l e av a g e
that is typical o f t h e p ro t o s t o m e s .
3.T h r o u g h a p ro c e s s cal l ed gastrulation, t h e cells o f t h e
blastula are re o r g a n i z e d t o f o r m t h e t h re e p r i m a r y g e r m
layers o f t h e gastrula that are p re s e n t i n all triploblastic
organisms.
4.Gastrulation b e g i n s w i t h a s m a l l i n d e n t a t i o n i n t h e blastula
cal led t h e blastopore , t h e cells o f w h i c h m i g r a t e t o t h e
o p p o s i t e e n d o f t h e e m b r y o n i c structure, estab lish in g t h e
e n d o d e r m layer; t h e e n d o d e r m e v e n t u a l l y g i v es rise t o t h e
di ges t iv e s y s t e m .
5 .In d e u t e ro s t o m e s , t h e e g g c l e a v e s radially, a n d t h e
b l a s t o p o re b e c o m e s t h e an us. I n p ro t o s t o m e s , t h e
e g g c l e a v e s spirally, a n d t h e b l a s t o p o re b e c o m e s t h e
mouth.
6.In m a n y e g g - l a y i n g d e u t e r o s t o m e s t h e p e r i p h e r a l
la yer o f cells i n t h e gastrula f o r m s t h e e c t o d e r m ,
w h i c h u l t i m a t e l y g i v e s rise t o t h e e p i d e r m i s (the
s k i n a n d hair) a n d t h e n e r v o u s s y s t e m . I n b e t w e e n
t h e e n d o d e r m a n d t h e e c t o d e r m is t h e m e s o d e r m ,
w h i c h e n d s u p as c o n n e c t i v e tissues, skeletal s y s t e m ,
b l o o d , t h e heart a n d k i d n e y s a n d m u s c l e s
6.In m a m m a l d e v e l o p m e n t t h e o u t e r la yer o f t h e
blastula e q u i v a l e n t — t h e b l a s t o c y s t — b e c o m e s t h e
p l a c e n t a a n d t h e i n n e r cells g i v e rise t o t h e t h re e
p r i m a r y g e r m layers
 Protostomes Verses
Deuterostomes
1.P r o to so m e s a r e o r g a n i s m w h o se 1.D e u t e r o s t o m e s a r e o r g a n i s m s w h o s e
blastopore develop into the mou th. bastopore develop into the anal opening

2.N o a r c h e n t e r o n d e v e l o p m e n t is 2.E a r l y d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e g u t is
found call ed a r c h e n t e r o n

3.T h e g u t is t u n n e l e d i n t o t h e 3 . T h e g u t is t u n n e l e d i n t o t h e
e m b r y o to f o r m the anus e m b r y o to f o r m their m o u t h

4. E x h i b i t d e t e r m i n a t e 4. E x h i b i t i n d e t e r m i n a t e
c l e a v ag e cl e a v ag e

5. U n d e r g o s p i r a l c l e a v a g e 5. U n d e r g o r a d i a l c l e a v a g e
6.C o m p o s e d o f a h o l l o w n e r v e c o r d
6.C o m p o s e d o f a solid, v e n t r a l
a n d p h a r y n g e a l gill slits
nerve cord
 The Major Classification of Deuterostomes with
Examples
T h e c l a d e s o f D e u t e r o s t o m e are d i v i d e d i n t o 3 m a i n c a t e g o r i e s as p re s e n t i n
the following:

1.H e m i c h o r d a t a - T h e l o w e r o r M i d d l e C a m b r i n
D e u t e r o s t o m e that i n c l u d e s A c o r n w o r m s , graptolites, etc.

2.Ch o r d a ta - W h i c h i n c l u d e s t h e k i n o f all k n o w n l i v i n g
vertebrates i n c l u d i n g fishes , reptil es a n d birds. H e re , t h e
vertebral c o l u m n o r s p i n a l c o r d is re p l a c e d w i t h a structure
called the Notochord.

3.E c h i n o d e r m a t a - T h e p h y l u m f o r m a r i n e a n i m a l s s u c h as
sea c u c u m b e r s , starfishes, brittle stars, sea u rc h i n s , etc.
i d e n t i f i e d w i t h its radial s y m m e t r y.
 Deuterostomes: The Echinoderms
E c h i n o d e r m s are e x c l u s i v e l y m a r i n e g r o u p o f
organisms in which deuterostome development and
e n d o s k e l e t o n are s e e n f o r t h e first t i m e .
Deuterostomate marine animals called
e c h i n o d e r m s a p p e a re d n e a r l y 6 0 0 m i l l i o n y e a r s
a g o . T h e t e r m e c h i n o d e r m m e a n s “spiny skin” a n d
re fe rs t o a n endoskeleton c o m p o s e d of hard
c a l c i u m r i c h plates just b e n e a t h t h e d e l i c a t e skin.
All d e u t e r o s t o m e s are c o n s i d e r e d bilaterian, b u t a
re m a r k a b l e e v e n t o c c u r r e d ea r l y i n t h e e v o l u t i o n o f
echinoderms.

1. Adult e c h i n o d e r m s h a v e b o d i e s w i t h f i v e - s i d e d radial s y m m e t r y, c a ll e d
pentaradial s y m m e t r y e v e n t h o u g h b o t h their larvae a n d their anc e s to r s are
bilaterally s y m m e t r i c .
2.Radially s y m m e t r i c a n i m a l s d o n o t h a v e w e l l - d e v e l o p e d h e a d a n d po sterio r regions. B e c a u s e
t h e y t e n d t o interact w i t h t h e e n v i r o n m e n t i n all d i re c t io n s at o n c e ins t e a d o f f a c i n g t h e
e n v i r o n m e n t i n o n e directio n.
3.T h e o t h e r re m a r k a b l e e v e n t i n e c h i n o d e r m e v o l u t i o n w a s t h e o r i g i n o f a u n i q u e
m o r p h o l o g i c a l feature: t h e water vascular s y s t e m . T h e water vascular s y s t e m is a series o f t u b e s
a n d reservoirs that radiates t h ro u g h o u t t h e b o d y, f o r m i n g a so phis tica ted hydrosta tic skeleton.
P o d i a aid i n m o v e m e n t b e c a u s e t h e y e x t e n d f r o m t h e b o d y a n d c a n grab a n d release t h e
substrate.
T h e evolution of deuterostome de ve lopme nt and an
endoskeleton
T h e e n d o s k e l e t o n o f e c h i n o d e r m b o d y is hard, s u p p o r t i v e structure. D u r i n g
d e v e l o p m e n t , cells se crete plates o f c a l c i u m ca r b o n a t e i n s i d e t h e skin. D e p e n d i n g o n
t h e s p e c i e s i n v o l v e d , t h e plates result i n a f l e x i b l e structure o r f u s e i n t o a rigid
case. T h i s t y p e o f e n d o s k e l e t o n is a s y n a p o m o r p h y — a trait that i d e n t i f i e s
e c h i n o d e r m s as a m o n o p h y l e t i c gro up .

Tw o o t h e r p h y l a f o r m a m o n o p h y l e t i c g r o u p w i t h e c h i n o d e r m s : X e n o t u r b e l l i d a a n d
H e m i c h o r d a t a . T h e x e n o t u r b e l l i d s (“strange-flatworms”) h a v e e x t r e m e l y s i m p l e ,
w o r m l i k e b o d y plans. T h e h e m i c h o r d a t e s g ot their “half-chordates” n a m e b e c a u s e
t h e y h a v e a n u n u s u a l featu re f o u n d i n c h o r d a t e s — o p e n i n g s i n t o t h e throat calle d
p h a r y n g e a l gill slits.
 Echinoderm Origin
1 Jo h a n n e s M u lle r a n d Ba t e so n su gg e st th a t a co m m o n a n ce str y fo r
th e e c h i n o d e r m s a n d t h e H e mic h or d a te s .
2 P r e s e n c e o f apic a l p l a t e w i t h e y e s p o t s i n t o r n a r i a l a rv a s h o w s c o m m o n
ancestry of echinodermates a n d hemichordates.
3.J o h a n n e s M u l l e r, W. G a r s t a n g a n d D e B e e r s p r o p o s e d t h a t e c h i n o d e r m
l a r v a e g a v e rise t o c h o r d a t e s b y n e o t e n y.
4.T h e d i s c o v e r y o f fossil e c h i n o d e r m s called C a l c i c h o r d a t a f r o m
O r d o v i c i a n p e r i o d (450 m i l l i o n years) f u r t h e r c o n f i r m s e c h i n o d e r m
ancestry of chordates.
5.S m i t h ( 2 0 0 4 b ) n o t e d t h a t t h e r e was fossil e v i d e n c e t o s h o w t h a t t h e
m a j o r d e u t e r o st o m e groups were established b y about 520 million
y e a r s ago.
Bibliography