Complex Numbers and Functions.

Complex
Differentiation

Complex Numbers and Their

Geometric Representation
• The material in this section will most likely be
familiar to the student and serve as a review.
Equations without real solutions, such as =-1or
-10x+4=0 were observed early in history and
led to the introduction of complex numbers.1
By definition, a complex number z is an
ordered pair (x, y) of real numbers x and y,
written z = (x, y).
  Cont…
• x is called the real part and y is the imaginary
part of z, written x=Rez,y=Imz
• By definition, two complex numbers are equal
if and only if their real parts are equal and
their imaginary parts are equal. (0, 1) is called
the imaginary unit and is denoted by i,
(1) i=(0,1)
Addition And

 Addition of two complex numbers (and =() is

defined by
(2) +=()+()=(+
 Multiplication is defined by
(3) =()()=(-+)
 Cont..
• These two definitions imply that
• (x1, 0) +(x2, 0) =(x1 +x2, 0)
• and
• (x1, 0)(x2, 0) =(x1x2, 0)
• as for real numbers x1,x2 Hence the complex
numbers “extend” the real numbers. We can
thus write
• (x, 0)= x. Similarly, (0, y)= iy
 Cont…
• because by (1), and the definition of
multiplication, we have
• iy =(0, 1)y= (0, 1)( y, 0) =(0.y -1.0, 0.0 +1.y)= (0,
y).
• Together we have, by addition, (x, y)=(x, 0)+(0,
y)=x+iy.
• In practice, complex numbers z=(x,y) are
written z=x+iy
 Cont..
• If x=0 then z=iy and is called pure imaginary.
Also, (1) and (3) give
• 5) =-1
• because, by the definition of multiplication,
=ii=(0, 1)(0, 1)=(-1, 0)=-1.
• For addition the standard notation (4) gives
[see (2)]
• (x1+iy1)+(x2+iy2)=(x1+x2)+i(y1+y2).
 Cont…
• For multiplication the standard notation gives
the following very simple recipe. Multiply each
term by each other term and use =-1 when it
occurs [see (3)]:
(x1+iy1)(x2+ iy2) =x1x2+ix1y2+iy1x2+y1 y2
(x1x2-y1 y2)+i(x1 y2+x2 y1)
 Cont…
• EXAMPLE
Let z1=8+3i and z2=9-2i . Then
Rez1=8 Imz1=3,Rez2=9 Imz2=-2 and
+=(8+3i)+(9-2i)=17+i
=(8+3i)(9-2i)=72+6+i(-16+27)
=78+11i
 Cont…
Subtraction, Division
 Subtraction and division are defined as the
inverse operations of addition and
multiplication, respectively.
Subtraction
Thus the difference z=is the complex number z
for which =z+
-=(-)+i(-)
 division

• The quotient z= /(≠0) is the complex number z

for which =z If we equate the real and the
imaginary parts on both sides of this equation,
setting z=x+iy we obtain,
• =x-y, =x+y
 Cont…

• The solution is

z==x+iy,
x=++
y=-/+
 Cont…
• The practical rule used to get this is by
multiplying numerator and denominator of
/by -i and simplifying
Z==
+i()
note:for every z ≠ 0 in ℂ there is its
multiplicative inverse.
1/ z such that z.=1=.z
• EXAMPLE
Let =8+3i and =9-2i, then
-=(8+3i)-(9-2i)=-1+5i
===+i
 Properties of complex number
• Complex numbers satisfy the same
commutative, associative, and distributive
laws as real numbers.
suppose =, =+,=+iare complex numbers
a) + are complex numbers
b) +=+
c) +(+)=(+)+
 Cont.…
d) +0=0+=
e) z+-z=-z+z=0
We can summarize the following:
 The set of complex numbers is closed under addition.
 Addition of complex numbers is commutative.
 Addition of complex numbers is associative.
 0 is the additive identity element in ℂ.
 For every z in ℂ there is an additive inverse –z such
that z + –z = 0 = –z + z.
 Cont.…
a) complex number.
b) =
c) ()=()
d) =
e) .1=1.
 Cont…
we can summarize the following:
 The set of complex numbers is closed under
multiplication.
 Multiplication of complex numbers is
commutative.
 Multiplication of complex numbers is associative.
 Multiplication is distributive over addition in ℂ.
 1 is the multiplicative identity element in ℂ.
 Complex Conjugate Numbers
 The complex conjugate of a complex number
Z=x+iy is defined by =x-iy
 It is obtained geometrically by reflecting the
point z in the real axis.
Example: z=5+2i,=5-2i
 Properties of conjugates
i. =
ii. +=2Re()
iii. -=2iIm()
iv. =+
v. =
vi. =(≠0)
 cont...
• Note that iv and v of the above theorem can
be extended to any finite number of terms.
i.e.,
 =++…+
 =…
 modulus
• The absolute value (or modulus) of a complex
number , z= x +yi denoted by , is
defined to be =
• This is a natural generalization of the absolute
value of real numbers.
Note:If =+i&=+i then,
=
 propertis
• For any two complex numbers z1 and z2 the
following properties hold true:
i. =
ii. =

iii. =
 Cont…
vi.=(0)
vii.+ triangle inequality
viii.
Note:
The triangle inequality can be extended to any
finite sum as follows:
Polar representation of a complex number

• giving the correspondences (assuming z ≠ 0)

Z=x+iy
Let z = x + yi be a non – zero complex number, r=
= Then we have
x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ , where θ is the angle
made by the vector corresponding to z with the
positive x-axis. ( θ is unique upto addition of a
multiple of 2 π radians.)
 Cont…
• From the above discussions, we have
Z=r+ir=r()
This is called the polar representation of z.
 Cont…
• Definition :
• When a complex number is written in the
form z = r (cos θ + i sin θ ), θ is called an
argument of z and is denoted by arg z. The
particular argument of z lying in the range – π
< θ ≤ π is called the principal argument of z
and is denoted by Arg z.
 Cont…
• Arg z = θ , we also have arg z = θ + 2 π
In general, (cos θ+i sin θ )=r (cos(θ + 2 n π) +i
sin(θ + 2 n π ))
for any integer n, θ + 2n π is also an argument
of z, whenever θ =arg(z)
Example:
Arg(1)=0,Arg(-1)=,Arg(i)=,Arg(-i)=-
 cont…
• Note that = if xso is determined by this
equation up to a multiple of π
In fact Arg(z)=+k
Where
 Cont…
• Exercise:
Express each of the following complex
numbers in polar form
a. Z=2+2i
b. Z=-5+5i
c. Z=3i
d. Z=-1
 CONT…
• Note: If and
then,
=
Example:
a. 3()=3()=3()
b. 8()=8()=8()
 Cont…
Theorem:
Suppose &
then the ff hold true

a. =
(0)
 Cont…
Proof: a) )=()+()=
Hence a is proved.
b) exercise