Introduction to Environmental

Engineering and Science (3rd ed.)

Chapter 3. Mathematics of Growth

Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science: THIRD EDITION

Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela 0-13-601837-8
Exponential Growth (dN/dt = rN)

(Example 3.2)

Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science: THIRD EDITION

Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela 0-13-601837-8
Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science: THIRD EDITION
Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela 0-13-601837-8
 Doubling Time

2N0 = N0exp(rtd)

td = ln2/r ≈ 0.693/r

td = 69.3/r(%) ≈ 70/r(%)
(Example 3.3)

Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science: THIRD EDITION

Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela 0-13-601837-8
Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science: THIRD EDITION
Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela 0-13-601837-8
Exponential Decay (dN/dt = -kN)

Half-Life (t1/2)

0.5N0 = N0exp(-kt1/2)

t1/2 = ln2/k ≈ 0.693/k

(Example 3.4)

Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science: THIRD EDITION

Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela 0-13-601837-8
Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science: THIRD EDITION
Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela 0-13-601837-8
 Resource Production
Q = P0/r (ert-1)
Q = the total resource
produced from time 0 to time t
t = 1/r ln(rQ/P0 + 1)
t = the length of time required
to produce an amount Q
(Example 3.6)

Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science: THIRD EDITION

Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela 0-13-601837-8
Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science: THIRD EDITION
Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela 0-13-601837-8
 Classification of Minerals

Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science: THIRD EDITION

Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela 0-13-601837-8
A Symmetrical Production Curve:
Gaussian distribution function

Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science: THIRD EDITION

Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela 0-13-601837-8
Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science: THIRD EDITION
Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela 0-13-601837-8
 (Example 3.8) Calculation of peak
production rate vs. time

Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science: THIRD EDITION

Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela 0-13-601837-8
Two possible production rate curves for the world’s
ultimately recoverable crude oil resources.

Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science: THIRD EDITION

Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela 0-13-601837-8
 Population Growth

Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science: THIRD EDITION

Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela 0-13-601837-8
 Logistic Growth Curve

dN/dt = rN(1-N/K)
r = R0/(1-N0/K)
(Example 3.8)

Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science: THIRD EDITION

Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela 0-13-601837-8
Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science: THIRD EDITION
Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela 0-13-601837-8
Annual birth and total fertility rate in the U.S.

Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science: THIRD EDITION

Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela 0-13-601837-8
Demographic transition to low birth and death rates

Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science: THIRD EDITION

Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela 0-13-601837-8
 Population pyramids

Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science: THIRD EDITION

Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela 0-13-601837-8
The age structure for the U.S. in 2000

Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science: THIRD EDITION

Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela 0-13-601837-8
 The age structure for the world in 1990 and
projections for 2025

Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science: THIRD EDITION

Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela 0-13-601837-8
 Four scenarios for the future of
the world’s population

Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science: THIRD EDITION

Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela 0-13-601837-8