Moment of Inertia

and
Torque
Moment of Inertia
 Moment of Inertia is defined as a measure of an object’s resistance to
changes to its rotation.
 It must be specified with respect to a chosen axis of rotation.
 It is usually quantified in kgm^2.

 The total moment of inertia is due to the sum of masses at a distance

from the axis of rotation.
 Example:
A 100 gram ball connected to one end of a cord with a length of 30 cm.
What is the moment of inertia of a ball about the axis of rotation AB?
Ignore cord’s mass.

Solution:
I = mr^2
Given: The axis of rotation at AB
I = (0.1 kg)(0.3 m)^2
Mass ball (m) = 100 gram/1000 =0.1 kg I = (0.1 kg)(0.09 m^2)
The distance between the ball and the I = 0.009 kgm^2
axis rotation (r) = 30 cm = 0.3 m

Unknown: Moment of inertia of a ball (I)

 Example:
A 100 gram ball m1, and a 200 gram ball, m2, connected by a rod with a length of 60
cm. The mass of the rod is ignored. The axis of rotation located at the center of the rod.
What is the moment of inertia of the balls about the axis of rotation?

Solution:
I = m1r1^2 + m2r2^2
I = (0.1 kg)(0.3 m)^2 + (0.2 kg)(0.3 m)^2
Given:
I = (0.1 kg)(0.09 m^2) + (0.2 kg)(0.09 m^2)
The axis of rotation at AB
Mass ball 1 (m1) = 100 gram/1000 =0.1 kg
I = 0.009 kgm^2 + 0.018 kgm^2
Mass ball 2 (m2) = 200 gram/1000 =0.2 kg I = 0.027 kgm^2
The distance between the ball and the
axis rotation (r) = 30 cm = 0.3 m

Unknown: Moment of inertia of a ball (I)

Torque

 Torque is the twisting force that tends to

cause rotation.
 The point where the object rotates is known
as the axis of rotation.
 Just as force is what causes an object to
accelerate in linear kinematics, torque is
what causes an object to acquire angular
acceleration.
 Torque is calculated by multiplying force and distance.
 The SI units of torque are newton-meters, or N*m
 In vector form, torque is the cross product of the radius
vector (from axis of rotation to point of application of force)
and the force vector.
Example:

An 80-N force acts at the end of a 12-cm wrench as shown. Find the
torque.
t = Fr sin θ

r = 12 cm sin 600
= 10.4 cm

t = ( 80N ) (0.104 m)
t = 8.31 N m
Sign Convention for Torque
By convention, counterclockwise torques are positive and clockwise
torques are negative.

Positive torque: ccw

Counter-clockwise,
out of page

cw
Negative torque: clockwise,
into page
Example:

Find the torque about axis A for the arrangement shown below. Consider 20-N force first

Solution:

t = Fr sinθ

r = (4 m) sin 300
r = 2.00 m The torque about A is clockwise
and negative.

t = Fr = (20 N)(2 m)
t = 40 N m, cw
t20 = -40 N m
Example:

Find the torque about axis A for the arrangement shown below. Consider 40-N force.

Solution:

t = Fr sin θ

r = (2 m) sin 900
r = 2.00 m The torque about A is CCW
and positive.
t = Fr = (40 N)(2 m)
t = 80 N m, ccw t40 = +80 N m
Calculating Resultant Torque
 Read, draw, and label a rough figure.
 Draw free-body diagram showing all forces, distances, and axis
of rotation.
 Extend lines of action for each force.
 Calculate moment arms if necessary.
 Calculate torques due to EACH individual force affixing proper
sign. CCW (+) and CW (-).
 Resultant torque is sum of individual torques.
Example:
Find resultant torque about axis A for the arrangement shown below:
positive
t20 = -40 N m

t40 = +80 N m negative

Resultant torque is the sum of

individual torques.
Example:
Find the torque about axis A for the arrangement shown below.
Consider 30-N force.

Solution:

t = Fr sin θ

r = (8 m) sin 300
r = 4.00 m
The torque about A is clockwise
and negative.
t = Fr = (30 N)(4 m)
t = 120 N m, cw t30 = -120 N m
Example:
Find resultant torque about axis A for the arrangement shown below:
positive
t20 = -40 N m

t40 = +80 N m
negative

t30 = -120 N m

tR = t20 + t40 + t30 = -40 N m +80 N m -120 N m

tR = - 80 N m Clockwise
Thank you very Much!

Ms. Diana Dinglasa-Tobias