Mobile and Wireless

Networks

1
 Disclaimer Statement
In preparation of these slides, materials have been taken from
different online sources in the shape of books, websites,
research papers and presentations etc. However, the author
does not have any intention to take any benefit of these in
her/his own name. This lecture (audio, video, slides etc) is
prepared and delivered only for educational purposes and is not
intended to infringe upon the copyrighted material. Sources
have been acknowledged where applicable. The views
expressed are presenter’s alone and do not necessarily
represent actual author(s) or the institution.
3
 Introduction to
Wireless Networks

4
 Our Over-ambitious Goal?

• Understand the issues that arise

– When we unplug the wire and go wireless
• Car driven off the road?

– When we move and require connectivity with

mobility
• Tracing your cat?
How to Handle these Issues?

• How to access the wireless channel?

• How to cater for mobility?

• Build a mobile data network which

– Can grow to global proportions <mobility>
– Support diverse applications <architecture>
 Our Road Map …
• Lets start exploring the path that others
have already dig deep
– Fortunately, we are not the first to build a
mobile data network

– Lets understand why mobile networking

architectures and protocols are designed
the way they are

7
 Why Wireless Networks
• Cabling is sometimes impossible or
expensive
– Wireless is convenient and not too expensive
• Modern work conditions require flexibility
– Rapidly deployable, no cost for re-installation, re-
wiring
• Radio networks provide good performance
– High data rates with broadband wireless
technology
• Roam and stay connected anywhere any time
– Consumers are willing to pay for it! 8
 Mobile Networks

• What must a mobile network provide ?

– Connectivity with mobility
– Cost-effective sharing of bandwidth
– Performance
• How are mobile networks designed ?
– Layering
– Protocols
– Standards
9
 Role of Standards
• Provide (at least the hope of)
interoperability
– Equipment from different vendors
– Existing protocols and software
• Protection of investment
– Product lifetime
– Support from multiple vendors
• Volume in the marketplace
– Broader support by equipment/software vendors
– Reduced prices 10
 Classification of Wireless
Networks
• Mobility: fixed wireless or mobile
• Topology: ad hoc (decentralized) or infrastructure
(centralized)
• Area: WAN, MAN, LAN or PAN networks
• Data Rate: Low or high bit-rate (multimedia)
• Medium: Switched (circuit packet) or broadcast
• Placement: Terrestrial or satellite
• Services: voice(isochronous) or data (asynchronous)
• Ownership: public or private
11
 Taxonomy of Wireless
Networks
Wireless
Networks

Local Area Wide Area

Infrastructur
Ad hoc Terrestrial Satellite
e

Mobile Mobile
(Mobile Fixed (Network or Fixed
data) Access

12
Wireless Networking Concepts
• Fundamental issues
• Range and mobility
• Wireless channel
– And shared capacity
• Infrastructure
• Components of wireless network

13
Fundamental Issues

14
 Fundamental Issues
• Broadband access
• Security
• Seamless mobility
• Quality of service
• Large scale network management
• Scalable multicast
• Etc. …

15
 Limitations of Wireless
Technologies
• Technical (and political) difficulties
– These limitations inhibit wireless technologies
• Range reduced as much as speed is increased
– Wireless transmission inefficiencies
• Newer technologies are much expensive
– Lack of an industry-wide standard
• Device limitations, small displays, power, …
• Problems of security and confidentiality

16
 Transmission Problems of
Radio Networks
• Errors occur much more than wired networks
– Carrier lost due to error burst
– Unreliable transmission not favor a token system
• Interference with other systems
– Signal power reduces drastically with the distance
• Detection of collision is impossible
• Networks are often open
– Random insertion and depart of stations
• Hidden nodes A
B
C 17
 Radio Transmission

A B

Data receive Data receive Collision Energy

region of A region of B area detection area
18
Range and Mobility

19
 Range vs. Data Rate
• Range can vary
– WANs, LANs, PANs, etc.
• Trade-offs
– Data rate, error rate, transmit power, antenna size/gain

1000
Data Rate (Mbps)

Broadband
PANs LANs
100 Access

10
PCS Packet Data Satellite
1 Cellular

0.1 Paging
1m 10 m 100 m 1 km 10 km 1000’s km 20
Range
 Mobility
• Wireless systems can be fixed
– Fixed terrestrial wireless and satellite systems
• Mobility is a key feature of wireless networks
– Provides considerable functionality and value
– Motivates portability
• Packaging, Power management, low-power design
– Introduces substantial complexity
• Hand-off, routing to mobile hosts, security, etc.

21
Wireless WAN vs LAN

22
Wireless Channel and
Shared Capacity

23
 Wireless Channels
• Differs substantially from “wired” channels (optical
cable, coaxial cables, twisted copper pair)
– Available bandwidth is usually shared
• Typically higher bit error rates
– Often lower data rates
• Varying properties
– Interference
• Licensed spectrum reduces interference
– Propagation
• No physical security
24
 Telephone vs Data Networks
• Traditional telephone networks
– Built around a single application: low bit rate voice
– Can support high bit error rate; has traffic predictability
• Data networks
– High bit rate packet network; error-free communication
– Traffic unpredictability at any time scale
– Random access protocols; QoS on per packet basis

voice
data
25
time
 Shared Capacity & Resources
• Capacity (bandwidth) of wireless link shared
– Dictates the need for multiple access techniques

VOICE time
DATA time
• Multiple access scheme dependent on traffic
– Bursty traffic requires ‘random’ access protocols
Inactive
part

voice data
26
Infrastructure

27
 Infrastructure
• Wireless networks can either
– Require no infrastructure, or
– Rely on the presence of some infrastructure
• For control and access to wire line networks
• Infrastructure networks usually offer greater
functionality
• Ad hoc networks are without infrastructure,
where all nodes can move
– Can be deployed rapidly
28
 Infrastructure-based
Wireless Networks
• Provide access to other networks
• Coordinate access between stations
• Can support roaming -- mobility between
service areas

29
Ad-Hoc Wireless Networks
• Stations communicate directly with peers
• Routing through peers may be needed if
all stations are not “visible”
– Basis for mobile ad hoc networks

30
Different Architectures of
Radio Networks

Fully-connected Internal routing Base station

(previously ad hoc)

Hybrid with cable link

31
Components of Wireless
Network

Standards and Systems

Applications and Interfaces

Data Link Mobility

Power Management

32
 Wireless Data Link
• Ad hoc versus infrastructure networks
• Multiple access techniques
– Scheduled or Contention-based
• Framing
• Power management Data Link
• Systems and standards
– Wireless PANs (Bluetooth)
– Wireless LANs (WiFi)
– Broadband wireless (WiMax) 33
 Mobility

• Mobile nodes
– Handoff (“small scale” mobility)
– Mobile routing (“large scale” mobility)
– Mobile IP
• Mobile networks Mobility
– Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs)
– Routing

34
Issues at Different
Layers

35
 Physical Layer Issues
• Range
Application
• Data rate
Transport • Bit (symbol) error
rate
Network • Bit (symbol) coding
• Power management
Data Link
• Link monitoring
Physical • Etc., etc.
36
 Data Link Layer Issues

Application
• Frame size & overhead
• Frame error rate, error
Transport recovery (ARQ)
• Forward error correction
Network • Multiple access
• Handoff
Data Link • Power management
• Link monitoring
Physical

37
 Network Layer Issues

Application • Packet size & overhead

• Routing overhead
Transport • Mobile host routing
• Mobile ad hoc routing
Network • Layer-3 gateway
services
Data Link • Quality of service
• Congestion control
Physical • Power management
38
Transport Layer Issues

Application
• End-to-end error
recovery and flow
control efficiency
Transport • Connection-level quality
of service
Network
• Connection overhead
• Transport-level
Data Link gateway services
• Connectivity across
Physical handoffs
39
Application Layer Issues
• Encryption and
Application
decryption
• Data-specific source
Transport encoding
• Application-level
Network quality of service
• Power management
Data Link • User interface
• New classes of mobile
Physical applications
40
 Where To go “Wireless” –
Take 1
Existing/New • Fully wireless
Application Applications
network
• Can be ad hoc in
Transport TCP and UDP that no static
structure is required
Network Mobile IP • Network level
interoperability with
Data Link Wireless MAC “wired” networks
• Requires substantial
Physical Wireless Link protocol changes,
e.g. Mobile IP
41
 Where To go “Wireless” –
Take 2
Application
Existing/New • Wireless MAC layer
Applications
• Can be ad hoc, with
static structure for
Transport TCP and UDP access to wired
network
Network Mobile IP • Model for wireless
LANs (IEEE 802.11)
and wide-area
Data Link Wireless MAC access (WiMax)
• Possible link layer
Physical Wireless Link interoperability with
wired networks
42
 Where To go “Wireless” –
Take 3
Existing/New
Application Applications
• Wireless physical
layer
Transport TCP and UDP • Provides point-to-
point wireless
Network Mobile IP connection
• Model for wireless
Data Link Wireless MAC bridges
• “Transparent” to
Physical Wireless Link existing network

43
WLAN Standards

44
Next Generation Networks

45
NGN Architecture

46