BITS Pilani

presentation
BITS Pilani Swapnil Patil
swapnilpatil@wilp.bits-pilani.ac.in
Pilani Campus
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Hardware Software Codesign

Module. 2
Recap
• Pre-requisite Embedded Systems

• Evolution of Microprocessors

• Microprocessor : Universal Building Block

• SOC evolution

• Hardware Based Example

• Software Based Example

Embedded Meaning implanted

Embedded means something that is attached to another thing.
An embedded system can be thought of as a computer hardware system having software embedded in it.
can be an independent system or it can be a part of a large system.
a microcontroller or microcontroller based system which is designed to perform a specific task.
For example, a fire alarm is an embedded system; it will sense only smoke.

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2.1 Concept of System Modelling ,

Need for Concurrent Models
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Concept of System Modelling

Agenda

• Basic theme that has come out from previous lecture

• Modelling Essentials

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Basic Concepts

•Simulation : Behavior Modelling

•Emulation : Behavior Modelling

•What's the difference

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZePYihHiXk

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Ingredients of HW-SW
Codesign

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MnrJzXM7a6o&feature=youtu.be

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Pipelining

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Approaches

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Basic Modelling
requirements

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Need for Concurrent Models

Concurrency – (ABS, Speedometer,
Console Monitor)

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Concurrency – Data Driven
DFG(Data Flow Graph)

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Concurrency – Control
Driven

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Concurrency – Control
Driven

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Concurrency – Pipeline
Driven

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2.2 State Oriented Models

2.2.1 State Transitions/FSM

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How to Represent FSM

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Elevator Based System
FSM

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2.2.2 Petri Nets

Token based state machine

Traffic signal based Petri nets

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1 keys Traffic system

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2 Key traffic system

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2.2.3 HCFSM (Hierarchical
Concurrent Finite State Machine)

• Extension of FSM Model

• Adds Support for Hierarchy & Concurrency
• Each State Can be Further Decomposed into smaller
states

For example :
We can consider lift installation as a single FSM wherein Main panel inside
lift & all panels on each floor are devised as working with it as one system.

If we want to make it FCFSM, then we divide system into 2 parts , FSM

module for Main lift panel & another FSM for each floor panel , both are
running concurrently & will talk to each other on event basis

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2.2.3 Hierarchical
Concurrent FSM (HCFSM)

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2.3 Activity Oriented Models

2.3.1 Data Flow Graphs
(DFG)
Simple C code:

 two assignments to the variable x

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single-assignment form

• The single-assignment form is important because it

allows us to identify a unique location in the code where
each named location is computed

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Data Flow Graphs

1
2

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2.3.2 Flowcharts

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2.4 Structure Oriented Models

2.4.1 Component Connectivity
Diagram (CCD)

• CCD is a class of Structure Oriented model

• It is used to describe a system’s physical structure

against its functionality

• Different types of CCD

1. Block Diagram CCD
2. Register level CCD
3. Gate level CCD

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Block level CCD for a
Microprocessor Based Systems

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Register level CCD for
(A+B)/2
Represent ALU , Registers, Selectors & Buses.

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Gate Level CCD

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RT & Block level for
elevator system

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2.5 Data Oriented Models

Data Oriented models

• Focus on data representation

• Used in systems where data outweighs all other aspects
of design

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2.5.1 Entity Relationship
Diagram
Example: Online purchase portal
Represent flow of data in system

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2.5.2 Jackson’s Diagram

• Unlike Entity relationship Diagram which shows attributes

& interrelationship of data it models
• Jackson’s diagram models each individual data in term of
its structure , by decomposing it into sub data
• Example : suitable for modelling record
• Suitable for data that would need to be decomposed in a
way that is much more complex than appropriate simple
form.
• AND for composition
• OR for selection
• * for iteration

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Jackson’s Diagram for
Drawing

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2.6 Heterogeneous Models

2.6.1 Control & Data Flow
diagram (CDFG)
Combination of Flow chart (CFG) with DFG Model
IF CFG is abstract class , CDFG is derived class of it

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CDFG

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CDFG

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2.6.2 Structure Chart

• Structure chart which shows the breakdown of a system

to its lowest manageable levels

• Used in structured programming to arrange program

modules into a tree

• Each module is represented by a box, which contains

the module's name. The tree structure visualizes the
relationships between modules

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Structure Chart for Payroll
System

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2.6.3 Programming
language Paradigm
Imperative Languages (Control driven mode of execution)
• C
• Cobol

Declarative Language (do not specify order of execution)

More target driven
• LISP
• PROLOG

Example of LISP to add 3 numbers

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Object Based:
• C++
• System verilog

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2.6.4 Program State
Machine(PSM)
• PSM = HCFSM + programming language Paradigm
• PSM consists of a hierarchy of program states
• Each program state represents distinct mode of
operation

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2.6.5 Queuing Model

• Queuing model is used for analysing systems

• Used to find out performance or resource bottlenecks
• It represents systems as network of queues & servers
• Arriving requests are stored in queues waiting for
processing
• Servers will be processing incoming requests from
Queues.

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References

Specification and Design of Embedded Systems

• Daniel D Gajski

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