TEST DURING ANC

(ANTENATAL CARE)

Presented by-
Veena Krishnamurthy Padakanti
Roll No:- 17
CONTENT
 Introduction
 Tests
 Reference
INTRODUCTION
 Pregnancy tests and investigation are useful for diagnosis whether a
women is pregnant or not and if pregnancy helps to rule out the
further problem.
 It is confirmed by following tests:
 1) Urine test
 2) Routine blood test
 3) Specific blood test
 4) Ultrasound
 5) X-rays
 6) Amniocentesis
 7) Chronic Villus Sampling
 8) Oestriol test
 9)Fetal movement recording ( Kick chart)
 10) Antenatal cardiotocography
1. URINE TESTS
 Pregnancy test :- This test is performed after
six weeks from the last menstrual period to
sixteen weeks. It is diagnostic test that
depends on the presence of human chorionic
gonadotropin (HCG ).
 First urine passed in the early morning HCG
found in concentrated form .
 This test is highly reliable . If performed
before six weeks or later sixteen weeks will
get a negative result.
 Routine testing :- In each antenatal visit the
midstream urine is examined for the
presence of sugar, protein, ketones which
cause potential problems , and presence of
bacteria in the early pregnancy where
antibiotic treatment is given.
 Midstream Urine:- Examination of urine to
exclude presence of asymptomatic
bacteriuria.
2. ROUTINE BLOOD TESTS
 Hemoglobin estimation , used to detect anaemia.
 Blood group and rhesus factor to ensure access to cross
matched blood in the event of hemorrhage during
pregnancy , labour or the puerperium. It is also used to
detect incompatability between mother and infant blood
type.
 Serological test for syphillis or other venereal infection
(VDRL) to allow identification and treatment.
 Rubella antibodies are tested to ascertain if the woman
is immune or susceptible. If woman is tested positive for
rubella then fetal abnormalities occurs like deafness,
cataract. If the woman is susceptible vaccination is
usually offered after the birth of the baby.
3. SPECIFIC BLOOD TESTS
 Haemoglobin electrophoresis to detect conditions
such as sickle cell diseases and thalassemia .
 Serum alpha-fetoprotiens to detect open neural
tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly .
 Hepatitis screening to detect presence of hepatitis
and avoid infection of health care workers.
 To detect HIV / ALDS infection .
 Glucose tolerance test to measure the womans
ability to stabilize blood sugar levels after ingestion
of glucose. This test may be used to exclude
diabetes mellitus in pregnancy.
4.ULTRASOUND
 Diagnostic ultrasound is commonly used in
obstertrics for the identification of early
pregnancy, accurate pregnancy dating,
assesment of fetal growth , early diagnosis of
multiple pregnancy, estimation of fetal
health, diagnosis of certain congenital
abnormalities and localization of placental
site.
5. X-RAYS
 Since the availability of ultrasound, the use
of X-rays during pregnancy has reduced,
because of the potential hazard to the baby.
6. AMNIOCENTESIS
 In this test the amniotic fluid withdraw from
the uterus for analysis of detection of fetal
abnormalities such as :-
 Downs syndrome, open neural tube
defect , identification of sex in sex linked
disorder such as hemophilia and duchenne
muscular dystrophy.
 Identifiaction of biochemical disorders must
be performed by 16 to 18 weeks .
7. CHRONIC VILLUS SAMPLING
 It is used for fetal abnormality between nine
and twelve weeks of pregnancy, guided by
ultrasound a small tissue sample is taken
from the edge of the placental and tested to
exclude abnormalities such as Downs
syndrome , spinal bifida and risk of
complication such a miscarriage.
 Test is conducted earlier in the pregnancy
result in three days.
8. OESTRIOL TEST
 Assessment of the amount of estriol or
human placental lactogen gives an indicator
of the functioning of the placenta.
 oestriol test and blood test are conducted
three times over five days to determine if
the oestriol level is stable or failing.
9. FETAL MOVEMENTS
RECORDING KICK CHART
 One sign of healthy baby is vigorous
movement, the pregnant woman may be
asked to record the time it takes for the
fetaus to more 10 min. (any time from a few
min. to twelve hours) low movements counts
indicate a need for closer fetal monitoring.
10. ANTENATAL
CARDIOTOCOGRAPHY
 Fetal heart rate traces can be recorded.
 A normal trace shows a fetal heart rate
between 100 and 160 beats per minute and
abnormalities may give warning to deliver
fetus and indications are low movement
count, evidence of placental insufficency ,
antenatal bleeding following amniocentesis,
multiple pregnancy.
REFERENCE
 GB Madhuri
 Jill Mantle