IR SENSORS

GROUP MEMBERS

HASSAAN AHMAD FA20-BEE-083

MURTAZA ALI ALVI FA20-BEE-098
HAFIZ ZIA UR REHMAN FA20-BEE-079
AMMAR AHMED FA20-BEE-090
IR SENSORS
• INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY
• PRINCIPLE
• BLOCK DIAGRAM
• HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
• APPLICATIONS
• PROS & CONS
• CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION

 IR SENSOR IS A DEVICE THAT EMITS THE LIGHT IN ORDER TO SENSE SOME OBJECT OF
THE SURROUNDINGS.
 AN IR SENSOR IS AN ELECRONIC INSTRUMENTWHICH IS USED TO SENSE
CIRTAINCHARACTERISTICS OF IT'S SURROUNDING BYEITHER EMITTING AND/OR
DETECTING IRRADIATION.
 IT CAN DETECT THE HEAT OF AN OBJECT AND ALSO SENSE THE MOTION
IN THE SURROUNDINGS. THERMAL RADIATION IS ALSO PRODUCED IN INFRARED
SPECTRUM.
 IR SENSOR ALSO WORKS AS A PROXIMITY SENSOR
CONT.
 THIS PROJECT AND ITS CIRCUIT ARE ONE OF THE MOST BASIC AND POPULAR SENSER MODULE
 IN ELECTRONICS THIS SENSOR ANALOGOUS TO HUMAN'SVISIONARY SENSES WHICH CAN BE
USED TO DETECT AN OBSTACLE, WHICH IS ONE OF IT'S COMMON APPLICATION.
 IN ROBOTICS, A GROUP OF SUCH MODULES ARE USED SO THAT A ROBOT CAN FOLLOW A LINE
PATTERN.
 INFRARED RADIATION IS THE PORTION OFELECTROMAGNATIC SPECTRUM HAVINGWAVELENGTH
LONGER THAN VISIBLE BUTSMALLER THAN MICROWAVE Wavelength (in microns)THE IR REGION IS
ROUGHLY FROM 0.75 UM -1000 UM
HISTORY

 GENERALY IR IS USED FOR OBJECT DETECTION IMAGE AND MEASURE THE PATTERN OF THERMAL
HEAT RADIATION. DEVELOPMENT OF THERMOCOUPLE THAT STARTED IN 19TH CENTURY. .
 PHOTON DETECTOR ARE DEVELOPED TO IMPROVE SENSITIVITY AND RESPONSE TIME. THIS
DETECTOR HAVE BEEN EXTENSIVELY DEVELOPED SINCE 1940S LEAD SULFIDE WAS THE
1ST PRACTICAL IR DETECTOR.THE 1970S WITNESS ESCALATING OF IR APPLICATIONS
COMBINED WITH THE START OF HIGH-VOLUME PRODUCTION SENSORS SYSTEM USING
LINER ARRAYS.
 PRINCIPLE

• THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF INFRARED TRANSMITTERS DEPENDING ON THEIR

WAVELENGTHS, OUTPUT POWER AND RESPONSE TIME. AN IR SENSOR CONSISTS OF AN IR LED
AND AN IR PHOTODIODE, TOGETHER THEY ARE CALLED AS PHOTOCOUPLER OR OPTOCOUPLER.

• IR LED KEEPS TRANSMITTING INFRARED RAYS UP TO SOME RANGE .WHEN SOME OBJECTS
COMES IN THE IN IR RANGE ,THE IR WAVE HITS THE OBJECT AND COMES BACK AT SOME ANGLE
.
• THE PHOTODIODE NEXT TO IR LED DETECTS THAT IR RAYS WHICH GOT REFLECTED FROM THE
OBJECT.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
IR LED PHOTODIODE
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

1.LM 358 IC:.

IT COMPARES TWO INPUT VOLTAGES AND PRODUCE OUTPUT ACCORDING TO INPUT.
SPECIFICATION:-
A.SUPPLY VOLTAGE : 3V - 30 V
B.OUTPUT CURRENT:40 mA. PACKAGE : 8 PIN DIP

PACKAGE.FEATURES:
1. LARGE DC VOLTAGE GAIN
2. WIDE BANDWIDTH
3. DIFFERENTIAL INPUT VOLTAGE RANGE EQUALTO THE POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE
4. LOW INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE: 2 MILLIVOLTS
5. LOW INPUT OFFSET CURRENT : 2 NANO AMP
2.POWER SUPPLY: 5 VOLT- 10 VOLT’
3.IR LED: Also known as IR transmitter ,it usually made of Gallium Arsenide or Indium Gallium
Arsenide .It looks like a common led.
4.Photodiode:It converts light in to current. It operates in reverse bias On/ off time is very less
5.LED
6.Bread board
7. Connecting wire
8. Resistor: 100e10k220e
9. Potentiometer: 10k
 TYPES OF IR SENSORS

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF IR SENSORS

• ACTIVE IR SENSORS
• PASSIVE IR SENSORS
ACTIVE INFRARED SENSORS

• Active infrared sensors consist of two elements: infrared source and infrared detector.
 Infrared sources include the LED or infrared laser diode.
 Infrared detectors include photodiodes or phototransistors.
• The energy emitted by the infrared source is reflected by an object and falls on the infrared detector.
PASSIVE INFRARED SENSORS

• Passive infrared sensors are basically Infrared detectors.

• Passive infrared sensors do not use any infrared source and detector.
• They are of two types: quantum and thermal.
 Thermal infrared sensors use infrared energy as the source of heat. Thermocouple,
pyroelectric detectors and bolometers are the common types of thermal infrared
detectors.
 Quantum type infrared sensors offer higher detection performance. It is faster than
thermal type infrared detectors. The photo sensitivity of quantum type detectors is
wavelength dependent.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

• THE TRANSMITTER PART OF THE SENSOR PROJECT IS IR LED AND RECEIVER PART IS PHOTO DIODE
THE OUTPUT OF THE RECEIVER VARIES DEPENDING UPON ITS RECEPTION OF IR RAYS.
• THIS OUTPUT IS FED TO THE INPUT OF COMPARATOR AND THE SECOND INPUT OF COMPARATOR IS
FED FROM POTENTIOMETER.
 APPLICATIONS

Radiation Thermometer Night Vision Devices

IR Imaging device OBSTACLE DETECTOR
APPLICATIONS

• Bin robotics
• Brightness comparison
• Distance measurement
• Gas analyzer
• Petroleum exploration
• Flame Monitors
Pros and cons

PROS:

• LOW POWER REQUIREMENT

• SIMPLE CIRCUITERRY
• DIRECTION BEAM
• HIGH NOISE IMMUNITY

• CONS

• LINE OF SIGHT REQUIREMENT BLOCKED BY COMMON OBJECTS SHORT RANGE

• EASILY AFFECTED BY PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT