Architecture of buildings and

structures

Functional, physical and technical basics of

designing low-rise civil buildings. Parts of the
buildings and basic principles of design

6 lectures, 6 practical lessons

Course work + test
 Lecture №1
Introduction. Structural parts of buildings.
Classification of buildings.
Requirements that apply to buildings.
plan of lecture
1. Introduction.
2. Structural parts of buildings.
3. Classification of buildings.
4. Requirements that apply to buildings.

Lecturer :
Avramenko Yurii Oleksandrovich, PhD
 Group VK http://vkontakte.ru/public32903484
1. Introduction
Email: http://avramenko.pntu@gmail.com

Goal: professional training students in direction "Building": the development of independent

thinking of students at designing of and construction of residential and public buildings.
Tasks: discipline "Architecture of buildings and structures" is to study the following topics:
basics of architectural design of civil buildings; constructive systems and schemes;
fundamentals and techniques of architectural composition; physical and technical basics of
architectural and building design; space-planning, composition and designs of residential and
public buildings; new space-planning and designs of buildings; the use of new efficient
constructions and local building materials.
According to requirements of educational and professional program student has to
know:
– basics of architectural design; modern types of structures; trends of architecture and
architectural design solutions civil buildings (level of mastery - the fundamental).
be able to:
– use normative literature in solving specific problems; design of civil buildings and
structures and main structural elements (level of mastery - algorithmic);
– execute thermal calculations of external fencing structures and technical specifications
buildings;
– execute drawings, floor plans of buildings; plan of foundations; plan of overlap; plan of
roof; plan of rafters; sections of the building; facade; parts and components.
 
 2. Structural parts of buildings

The word building is both a noun and a verb: the

structure itself and the act of making it. As a noun, a
building is 'a structure that has a roof and walls and stands
more or less permanently in one place'; "there was a three-
storey building on the corner"; "it was an imposing edifice".
In the broadest interpretation a fence or wall is a building.
However, the word structure is used more broadly
than building including natural and man-made
formations and does not necessarily have walls. Structure is
more likely to be used for a fence. Sturgis'
Dictionary included that [building] differs from Architecture
in excluding all idea of artistic treatment; and it differs
from Construction in the idea of excluding scientific or
highly skilful treatment." As a verb, building is the act of
construction.
Structural height in technical usage is the height to the
highest architectural detail on building from street-level.
Depending on how they are classified, spires and masts
may or may not be included in this height. Spires and masts
used as antennas are not generally included. The definition
of a low-rise vs. a high-rise building is a matter of debate,
but generally three storeys or less is considered low-rise.
 2. Structural parts of buildings

7
8

Structural elements of residential 9

buildings:
10
1 - foundation;
2 - basement; 11
3 - ground floor of overlap; 6
4 - outer wall;
5
5 - inner longitudinal wall;
6 - overlap between floors; 4
7 - heat insulation; 3
8 - roof;
9- attic of overlap; 2
10- septum;
11- stairs. 1

1
 2. Structural parts of buildings

A foundation (or, more commonly,

foundations) is the element of an
architectural structure which connects it
to the ground, and transfers loads from
the structure to the ground. Foundations
are generally considered either shallow or
deep. Foundation engineering is the
application of soil mechanics and rock
mechanics (Geotechnical engineering) in
the design of foundation elements of
structures.
 2. Structural parts of buildings

The walls are divided into interior and exterior of

their location in the plan, and load-bearing and non-
bearing for static functions.
A load-bearing wall or bearing wall is a wall that
bears the weight of the house above said wall, resting
upon it by conducting its weight to
a foundation structure. The materials most often used to
construct load-bearing walls in large buildings
are concrete, block, or brick.
By contrast, a curtain wall provides no significant
structural support beyond what is necessary to bear its
own materials or conduct such loads to a bearing wall.
Depending on the type of building and the number
of floors, load-bearing walls are gauged to the
appropriate thickness to carry the weight above them.
Without doing so, it is possible that an outer wall could
become unstable if the load exceeds the strength of the
material used, potentially leading to the collapse of the
structure. The primary function of this wall is to enclose
or divide space of the building to make it more
functional and useful. It provides privacy, affords
security, and gives protection against heat, cold, sun or
rain.
 2. Structural parts of buildings

A partition wall is a wall that separates rooms, or divides a room. Partition

walls are usually not load-bearing. Partition walls are constructed of many
materials, including steel panels, bricks, blocks of clay, terra-cotta, concrete, or
glass blocks.
Some partition walls are made of sheet glass. Glass partition walls are a
series of individual toughened glass panels mounted in wood or metal framing.
They may be suspended from or slide along a robust aluminium ceiling track.
The system does not require the use of a floor guide, which allows easy
operation and an uninterrupted threshold.
A timber partition consists of a wooden framework, supported on the
floor or by side walls. Metal lath and plaster, properly laid, forms a reinforced
partition wall. Partition walls constructed from fibre cement backer board are
popular as bases for tiling in kitchens or in wet areas like bathrooms.
Galvanized sheet fixed to wooden or steel members are mostly adopted in
works of temporary character. Plain or reinforced partition walls may also be
constructed from concrete, including pre-cast concrete blocks. Metal framed
partitioning is also available. This partition consists of track (used primarily at
the base and head of the partition) and studs (vertical sections fixed into the
track typically spaced at 24", 16", or at 12").
Internal wall partitions, also known as office partitioning, is usually made
of plasterboard (drywall) or varieties of glass. Toughened glass is a common
option, as is low-iron glass (better known as opti-white glass, which increases
light and solar heat transmission.
Wall partitions are constructed using beads and tracking that is either
hung from the ceiling or fixed into the ground. The panels are inserted into the
tracking and fixed. Some wall partition variations specify their fire resistance
and acoustic performance rating.
 2. Structural parts of buildings

Overlap - horizontal bearing and

building envelope. They take vertical
and horizontal power action and
transfer them to the load-bearing wall
or frame. Overlapping divided internal
space house horizontally.
Depending on the location, they are
distinguished by:
floor slabs - between two adjacent
floors uniform height;
attic slabs - between the upper floor
and attic;
socle slabs - between the first floor
and basement or technical basement.
 2. Structural parts of buildings

Roof is part of a building envelope. It is the covering on

the uppermost part of a building or shelter which provides
protection from animals and weather, notably rain or snow,
but also heat, wind and sunlight. The word also denotes
the framing or structure which supports that covering.
The characteristics of a roof are dependent upon the
purpose of the building that it covers, the available roofing
materials and the local traditions of construction and wider
concepts of architectural design and practice and may also
be governed by local or national legislation. In most
countries a roof protects primarily against rain.
The shape of roofs differs greatly from region to region.
The main factors which influence the shape of roofs are the
climate and the materials available for roof structure and
the outer covering.
The basic shapes of roofs are flat, monoitched, gabled, hipped, butterfly, arched and domed.
There are many variations on these types. Roofs constructed of flat sections that are sloped are
referred to as pitched roofs (generally if the angle exceeds 10 degrees). Pitched roofs, including
gabled, hipped and skillion roofs, make up the greatest number of domestic roofs. Some roofs
follow organic shapes, either by architectural design or because a flexible material such as thatch
has been used in the construction.
 2. Structural parts of buildings

Rooms are fenced on all sides of the interior space.

The rooms, which floors are located on one level, forming a
floor.
Depending on the location distinguish floors:
basement - floor whole or the most part immersed in the
ground;
socle - recessed floor level on the level of the pavement or
blind area for no more than half the height of the room;
aboveground - are located above ground level (1st, 2nd,
etc.);
attic - located between the roof and overlap of the top floor;
mansard - the space in the middle of the attic space, whose
facade is completely or partially created surface (surfaces)
slope roof. The line of intersection of the plane of the roof
and of the plane of facade must be at a height of not more
than 1.6 m above the floor attic floor;
technical - possible location at the bottom (basement
technical h = 1,9 m, walkways h  1,9 m), top (technical attic)
and the middle of the house. Designed to accommodate
engineering equipment, which depends on the height of
floors.
 By appointment all buildings are divided into civil,
industrial and agricultural. Civilian buildings are divide
3. Classification of buildings into houses and public. Residential and public buildings
are called houses.

Buildings
 3. Classification of buildings

Residential buildings are designed for

permanent or temporary residence of
people. The main types of residential
buildings are apartment buildings type:
- multi-sectional and Tower bellhop, and
gallery;
- low-rise individual, low-rise blocked;
as well as hostels, homes for people with
small families of elderly people and
others.
Public buildings designed for temporary
stay in them as people, where people to
carry out functional processes.
Problems with residential developments
Criticisms of residential developments may include:
They do not mesh well with the greater community. Some are isolated, with only one entrance, or
otherwise connected with the rest of the community in few ways.
Being commuter towns, they serve no more purpose for the greater community than other
specialized settlements do, and thus require residents to go to the greater community for
commercial or other purposes. Whereas mixed-use developments provide for commerce and other
activities, thus residents need not go as often to the greater community.
 3. Classification of buildings

In any residential
environment original
structural form is a
residential area
(apartment complex),
which is part of the
residential area. Residential
group together in districts.
 Along with residential houses have built public
3. Classification of buildings
buildings to serve the population, including:

Kindergartens Higher education institution

DBN V.2.2-4-97 “Buildings. DBN V.2.2-3-97 “Buildings.
Buildings and structures of Buildings and structures of
kindergartens” higher education institutions”
 Along with residential houses have built public
3. Classification of buildings
buildings to serve the population, including:

Health care and recreation Sport and Recreation and sports

DBN V.2.2-10-2001 facilities
“Buildings. Health care and DBN V.2.2-13-2003 “Buildings. Sports
recreation” and sports and recreational facilities”
 Along with residential houses have built public
3. Classification of buildings
buildings to serve the population, including:

Entertainment and cultic institutions,

Places to trade and public
leisure facilities
catering
DBN V.2.2-16-2005
DBN V.2.2-23-2009 “Buildings.
“Buildings. Entertainment and
Trading enterprises”
leisure facilities”
 Along with residential houses have built public
3. Classification of buildings
buildings to serve the population, including:

Institutions of consumer services

establishments Institutions of Social Welfare
DBN V.2.2-11-2002 DBN V.2.2-18-2007 “Buildings.
“Buildings. Consumer services Institutions of Social Welfare”
establishments”
 Along with residential houses have built public
3. Classification of buildings
buildings to serve the population, including:

Research institutions, public, design and

management organizations Buildings public transport
DBN V.2.2-9:2009 “Buildings. Public DBN V.2.2-9:2009 “Buildings.
buildings and facilities” Public buildings and facilities ”
ДБН В.2.2-26:2010 “Courts ”
 Along with residential houses have built public
3. Classification of buildings
buildings to serve the population, including:

Multifunctional buildings and complexes,

Buildings of utilities sector
which include different rooms
DBN V.2.2-9:2009 “Buildings.
DBN V.2.2-9:2009 “Buildings. Public
Public buildings and facilities”
buildings and facilities”
 3. Classification of buildings By the relative height

Low-rise buildings (up

to 9 meters)

Increased number of
High-rise buildings (9 storeys (from 26.5 to Tall buildings (above 47
to 26.5 meters) 47 meters) meters)
 3. Classification of buildings
According to the construction
of walls

Small Elements Large elements

According to the method

Full-mounted non-industrial
construction:
3. Classification of buildings
According to the degree
of fire resistance
The degree of fire
CONSTRUCTIVE SPECIFICATIONS
resistance
Buildings made of load-bearing and protecting structures from natural or artificial stone materials,
І, ІІ concrete, reinforced with the use of sheet and plate non combustible materials.
ІІІ Buildings made of bearing and protecting structures from natural or artificial stone materials,
concrete, reinforced concrete. For beams are allowed to use wooden structure, protected by plaster
or combustible sheet, plate materials. The elements coating are not necessary requirements for fire
resistance, fire spread, with elements of wood covering the attic should be flame retardant
treatment.
ІІІa The buildings are mostly of framing constructive scheme. Elements of frame - unprotected metal
structures. Protecting designs - profiled metal sheets or other non-combustible sheet materials with
non-combustible insulation.
ІІІb The buildings are mostly one-story frame with a constructive scheme. Elements of frame - wood,
exposed fire-retardant treatment. Protecting designs perform using wood or materials on its basis.
Wood and other materials walling should be subjected to fire-retardant treatment or protected from
the effects of fire and high temperatures.
IV Buildings made of bearing and protecting structures of wood or other combustible materials
protected from the effects of fire and high temperature plaster or other sheet, plate materials.
Elements coating no need to take requirements for fire resistance and limits the spread of fire, and
the elements of the attic coatings, wood must be flame retardant treatment.
IVa The buildings are mostly one-story frame with a constructive scheme. Elements of frame -
unprotected metal structures. Protecting designs - profiled metal sheets or other non-combustible
materials with insulation.
V Buildings made of bearing and protecting designs which are not imposed requirements for fire
resistance and limits the spread of fire.
3. Classification of buildings By the project service life

1 – Temporary structures (10 years);

2 – Variables of structures such as buildings span gantry crane, support
(10 – 25 years);
3 – Agricultural and similar buildings (15 – 30 years);
4 – building structures and other buildings for general purpose
(50 years);
5 – Monumental building structures, bridges and other civil engineering
constructions (100 years).

By the class of liability

By terms of possible material damage and (or) social losses, associated

with the cessation of operation or loss of integrity of the facility:
CC3 – significant implications,
СС2 – secondary implications,
СС1 – slight implications
building objects

ng or structure

of people who are constantly on the object.

f people who are periodically on the object.

Possible risk

s of people who are outside of the object.

By the class of liability)

ount of possible economic damage

The loss of cultural heritage

mmunications, telecommunications, energy and other of engineering

networks
Characteristics of the possible consequences of failure buildings or structures
4. Requirements that apply to Buildings should be most closely match their
buildings destination and satisfy following requirements:

Functional - reflect compliance with size and location of

destination premises building

Technical - protect the premises from the external

environment, as well as sufficient strength, stability,
durability and fire resistance of the main building structures

10 11

3
2

5 5

6 7 6 7 6 7 6
4. Requirements that apply to Buildings should be most closely match their
buildings destination and satisfy following requirements:

Esthetic - creates the appearance of the building, its

identity by appropriate selection of building materials, their
high quality and harmony of the building due to the
environment

Fire prevention - guarantees a sufficient degree of fire

resistance

Economic - reduce the cost of labor, materials and reducing

the period of construction of the building
 Living rooms, kitchen and utility room and premises
4. Requirements that apply to
of cultural and community service in the hostels
buildings
should have direct daylight (DBN В.2.5-28-2006).

Area of window For rooms, kitchens, apartments and hostels should not
Area of floor exceed 1:5.5, and the minimum ratio should be at least 1:8

For attics, when using of skylights 1:10

For staircases 1:8

For hallways— 1:16

4. Requirements that apply to
Insolation (irradiation to direct sunlight).
buildings

Placement and orientation

of residential buildings
must provide a continuous
duration of insolation of
apartments from 2 to 2.5
hours. per day depending
on the latitude and time
of year (SanPiN 2605-82)
 4. Requirements that apply to
Other requirements
buildings

Residential buildings must be equipped of water pipelines, sewerage, hot

water supply, central heating, ventilation, electrical equipment, and gasified
districts - gas supply.
In civil buildings should provide drinkable water, hot water and fire
extinguishing water the SNIP 2.04.01-85; heating, ventilation and air conditioning
 the SNIP 2.04.05-91; sewerage  the SNIP 2.04.0385. Gas supply systems
design according to requirements DBN В.2.5-20-2001. Measures of fire safety of
buildings must meet DBN В.1.1-7-2002.
In the design civic buildings should provide for measures to ensure the
required temperature and humidity in the premises (DBN В.2.6-31:2006), noise
protection, noise reduction to the noise that enters the room does not exceed
the normalized level (SNIP ІІ-12-77, ST SEV 4867-84, SanPiN 3077-84).
 Control of learned material

Question

Write determine the terms structure and building. Write main types of
buildings by function.

Write basic constructive elements of residential buildings

Write the terms of the room and floor. List the main types of floors of
residential buildings

Classification of buildings

Period of writing - 3 minutes