Design of

Structural Steel Elements

by Limit-state method as per
IS 800 : 2007
by
N. PRABHAKAR
BE CEng (I) MIStructE (UK) MIE (Ind)
Chartered Structural Engineer, Vasai (E)
 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
a) Bending Members

b) Tension Members

c) Compression Members

d) Members subjected to Axial Force

& Bending (Beam - Column)
 Steel Grades
Yield Stress, fy Mpa for hot-rolled
I sections, Channels, angles, T sections,
and Plates
= E 165, E 250, E 300, E 350, E 410 &
E 450 conforming to IS : 2062

Yield Stress, fy Mpa for hot-rolled Rectangular and

Square Hollow sections and Tubes conforming to
IS : 4923
= E 210, E 240 and E 310
 Classification of Steel Sections
(Ref. Table 2 of IS 800 : 2007)
Plastic
Compact considered in
Semi-Compact Bending Members
Slender
These are based on the limiting values:
Bending Compression : b / tf
Axial Compression : d / tw
If d / tw ˃ 67 ε, web shall be checked for buckling
Most of the Indian hot-rolled sections are either
Plastic or Compact or Semi-Compact.
 Usage of Steel Sections
(Clause 3.7.2 of IS 800 : 2007)

'Slender' sections are not used in design as

local bucking could occur even before reaching
yield stress, and it is uneconomical also.

Slender Indian hot-rolled sections:

Bending Compression: ISLC 400
Axial Compression: ISJB 150, 175, 200, 225
ISLB 400, 450, 500, 550,600
ISWB 500, 550, 600, 600*
ISLC 400
 Partial Safety Factors for Design Loads
(Table 4 of IS 800 : 2007)
Limit State of Strength Limit state of Serviceability
Combine LL WL LL
tion WL
DL Lead Accompa / AL DL Leadi Accompan /EL
ing Nying EL ng ying

DL+LL+CL 1.5 1.5 1.05   1.0 1.0 1.0 

DL+LL+CL
1.2 1.2 1.05 0.6
+  1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8
1.2 1.2 0.53 1.2
WL/EL

1.5
DL+WL/EL   1.5  1.0   1.0
(0.9)

1.2
DL+ER 1.2       
(0.9)

DL+LL+AL 1.0 0.35 0.35  1.0    

 Limit State Design Loads
(Table 4 of IS 800 : 2007)

In the limit-state structural analysis,

the design applied loads acting
on the Structure are due to action
loads multiplied by Partial Safety
Factors shown in the previous
slide.
 Partial Safety Factors for Materials γm
(Table 5 of IS 800 : 2007), used in member design
Sl.
Definition Partial Safety Factor
No
1 Resistance, governed by 1.1
yielding mo
2 Resistance of member to 1.1
buckling mo
3 Resistance, governed by 1.25
ultimate stress m1
4 Resistance of connection m1 Shop Field
Fabrications Fabrications

1.25 1.25
Bolts-Friction Type 1.25 1.25
Bolts-Bearing Type 1.25 1.25
Rivets 1.25 1.50
 Types of Bending Members
a) Beams made of I sections, Channels,
and RHS/SHS
b) Compound Beams made of I sections
with additional flange plates
c) Castellated Beams made of I section
and Channel
d) Welded Plate Girder made of plates
e) Crane Girder made of I section and
Channel, Welded Plate Girder
f) Purlins and Sheeting Rails made of
I sections, Channels, RHS/SHS & Tubes
 Factors affecting Beam Design
a) Elastic section and Plastic section modulus
b) Shear resistance area of section
c) Lateral support to Beam
d) Lateral restraint against torsional buckling
e) Shear resistance against web buckling
and web crushing at supports
f) Web stiffeners at supports and under
concentrated loads, if required
Condition for Beam Lateral Stability

Laterally Supported Beam

1.Laterally supported means the compression
flange has full lateral restraint and nominal
torsional restraint at supports supplied by web
cleats, partial depth end plates or continuity
with the adjacent span.

2. Full lateral restraint to compression flange may

be assumed to exist by roofing elements and
reinforced concrete decking or by lateral bracing
capable of resisting a lateral force of 2.5% of
the force in the compression flange of the beam.
Condition for Beam Lateral Stability

Laterally Unsupported Beam

When a beam is not adequately supported
against lateral buckling ( laterally
un-supported beams) the design bending
strength may be governed by lateral
torsional buckling strength

For more details, refer clause 8.2.2 of

IS 800 : 2007.
 Beam Members
(Step by step design procedure)
Inputs
1.Steel Grade fy, E and G
2.Factored Applied loads: Moment, Shear and
Vertical Concentrated loads if any
3.Vertical support condn.: Supported or Cantilever
4.Lateral support condn. : Supported / Unsupported
5.Try Steel section properties: Size, Weight, Class of
section, Zp, Ze, d, tw, ε, Av, αLT, Iw, It, Iy, ry, hf, tf
6.Effective length of compression flange, LLT
7. Width of stiff bearing b1, at supports & conc. loads
8. Thickness and Spacing of vertical web stiffeners
 Beam Members
(Step by step design procedure)
Calculations to be done using equations given
in Sections 8 and 9 of the code

1. βb , γmo , Md, Mfd, Mdv, Vd for laterally supported

Beam
2. fcrb, Mcr, λLT, φlt, χLT, fbd, Vcr, Vd, Md, Mfd and Mdv
for laterally unsupported Beam
Applied Moment M ≤ Md
If applied shear force V ˃ 0.6Vd, then M ≤ Mdv
Applied Shear V ≤ Vd
 Beam Members
1.Design of Compound Beams, Plate Girder and
Castellated Beams is similar. Concentrated loads on
Castellated Beams are to be avoided due to large
openings in web.
2.As the Plate Girders are generally deeper and are
used for longer spans and to carry heavier loads,
vertical web stiffeners are to be provided at internal
points and at supports, as necessary.
3.The Crane Girders, Purlins and Sheeting Rails are
subjected to lateral loads besides vertical loads.
Hence, the section has to satisfy bending and shear
strengths in both major and minor axes.
 Tension Members
(Section 6 of the Code)

1.Plates
2.Threaded Rods
3.Single Angles: Equal and Unequal
4.Double Angles: Equal and Unequal

5.Starred Equal Angles with Battens

 Tension Members
Maximum Slenderness Ratio L/r
L/r Condition
180 Tension member in which reversal of direct

stress due to loads other than wind/seismic

forces
350 Normally a tie in a roof truss or bracing
system not considered effective when
subject to reversal of stress into compression

resulting from wind/seismic forces

 Tension Members
Types

1.Roof Truss Members

2.Bracing Members

3.Sag Rods in Purlins

4.Suspenders in Buildings
 Design of Tension Members

1.Design strength due to yielding of Gross Section

2.Design strength due to rupture of critical section
a) Plates with bolt holes: based on net
cross-sectional area
b) Threaded rods: based on net root area

droot

dgross
 Design of Tension Members

3. Rupture strength of single angle and double angles

connected through one leg is affected by shear
lag, governed by rupture at net section.
 Design of Tension Members
4.Block shear failure at an end connection of
plates and angles in bolted and welded
connections.
 Compression Members
(Section 7 of the Code)
Loaded Concentrically
a) I sections, Channels, T sections, RHS/SHS &
Tubes
b) Compound section made of I section with
additional flange plates
c) Single and double angles
d) Starred equal angles with battens
e) Double I section, laced or battened
f) Double Channel back to back, laced or battened
g) Double Channel toe to toe, laced or battened
Single Angle loaded through one leg
Based on flexural torsional buckling strength
 Compression Members with
Batten Plates and lacing bars
 Compression Members

Laced Columns (Ref. Cl. 7.6 of the code)

Lacings shall resist total transverse shear Vt, equal
to at least 2.5 percent of the axial force in the
member and shall be divided equally among all
transverse lacing system in parallel planes.

Battened Columns (Ref. Cl. 7.7 of the code)

Battens shall be designed to carry the bending
moments and shear forces arising from transverse
shear force Vt, equal to 2.5 percent of the total
axial force on the member.
 Compression Members

Factors affecting Design Strength

a) Sectional area
b) Minimum radius of gyration
c) Effective length
d) Slenderness ratio
e) Buckling class
f) Imperfection factor
g) Eccentricity of loads
 Compression Members
Effective length factor where
boundary conditions are assessed

Maximum Slenderness ratio

L/r Loading Case
180 DL + LL
250 Including Wind/Earthquake
 Effective Length Factors in Frames
(Annex D of the Code)
Factors β1 and β2 are based on stiffness of frame members
 Buckling Class of Cross Sections
(Table 10 of the Code)
Cross Section Limits Buckling about Buckling Curve
axis
Rolled I-Sections h/b > 1.2 : z-z a
tf 40 mm y-y b
 40 < tf <100 z-z  b
y-y c
Welded I-Section tf <40 mm z-z b
y-y c
tf >40 mm  z-z  c
y-y d
Hollow Section Hot rolled Any a
Cold formed Any b
Welded Box Generally Any b
Section, built-up Any c
Channel, Angle, T Any c
and Solid Sections
 Column Buckling Curves
(Ref. Fig. 8 of the Code)
Buckling Curves
1

0.9

0.8

aa
0.7

0.6
a
d b
fcd/fy

0.5

0.4
c
0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Lamda

Imperfection Factor, α (Table 7 of the Code)

Buckling Class a b c d
α 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76
Members subjected to combined Forces
(Section 9 of the Code)

Axial Force & Bending Moments

In Columns, Bending moments are present in
many practical situations, in addition to axial loads.
Bending moments may be due to:
a) Eccentricity of Axial Load
b) Building Frame action
c) Portal or Gable frame action
d) Load from Brackets
e) Transverse Loads
f) Fixed Base condition
Members subjected to combined Forces
Factors affecting Design
All factors that affect design of Compression /
Tension and bending members are applicable to
this case also. These are:
a) Effective Length of Member
b) Geometry and material properties
c) Support conditions
d) Braced or Unbraced frame
e) Local and Overall Buckling
f) Lateral torsional buckling
g) Plastic failure for short Beam-Columns
 Members subjected to combined Forces
Types

Axial Force & Biaxial Bending Moments

1.Rolled I sections, Channels, RHS & SHS, Tubes

2.Built-up welded I section
3.Compound section : I section with additional
flange plates
Axial Force & Uniaxial Bending Moment

1.T section applicable for Top chords

2.Double Angles of Roof Truss
Members subjected to Combined Forces
Combined Shear & Bending (Cl. 9.2)
(Similar to calculations in Beam)
If applied shear force V ≤ 0.6Vd, then M ≤ Md
If applied shear force V ˃ 0.6Vd, then M ≤ Mdv

Combined Axial Force & Bending Moment (Cl. 9.3)

Under combined axial force (Tension or
Compression) and bending moment, section
strength is governed by material failure, and
member strength is governed by buckling
failure. These shall be checked using interaction
Members subjected to Combined Forces
Combined Axial Force & Bending Moment (Cl. 9.3)
Section Strength (Material Failure) (Cl. 9.3.1)
Plastic and Compact Sections (Cl. 9.3.1.1)
1 2
 My   Mz 
      1.0
M 
 ndy   M ndz 
N My Mz
Conservatively,   1.0
N d M dy M dz

Semi-compact sections (Cl. 9.3.1.3)

fx.  fy /m0
N My Mz
   1.0
N d M dy M dz
For section without holes,
Members subjected to Combined Forces
Overall Member Strength (Buckling Failure)
(Cl. 9.3.2)
Bending and Axial Tension (Cl. 9.3.2.1)

 
M eff  M  T Z e c / A  Md
Bending and Axial Compression (Cl. 9.3.2.2)
P Cmy M y Mz For moment
 Ky  K LT  1.0 factor Cmy
Pdy M dy M dz
and Cmz
P Cmy M y Cmz M z Refer Table
 0.6 K y  Kz  1.0 18 of the
Pdz M dy M dz
code
In Part II of this presentation,
I shall show Excel
Spreadsheets, developed by
me, for the Design of
Structural Steel elements by
limit-state method as per
IS 800 : 2007
Thank You