Circuit Theory and Network

Sudhangshu Sarkar
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Narula Institute of Technology
Lesson Plan of Circuit Theory and Network
Course Outcomes of Circuit Theory and Network
• Content
• Continuous & Discrete
• Fixed & Time varying
• Linear and Nonlinear
• Passive and Active networks and systems
• Independent & Dependent sources
 Continuous Systems

• Continuous systems are those types of systems in which input and output signals are
the same at both the ends. In this type of system, variable changes with time and
any type of variation is not found in the input and output signal. In response to the
input signal, a continuous system generates an output signal.
• Suppose, we have two variable x and y and both vary with time. Continuous signals
are represented within parenthesis.
 Discrete systems

• In discrete systems, both input and output signals are discrete signals. The variables
in the discrete systems vary with time. In this type of system, the changes are
predominantly discontinuous. The state of variables in discrete system changes only
at a discrete set of points in time.
• The variables in the discrete system are x and y and they are always presented in
square brackets [ ].
 Time-variant system

• A time-variant system is a system whose output response

depends on moment of observation as well as moment of
input signal application. In other words, a time delay or time
advance of input not only shifts the output signal in time but
also changes other parameters and behaviour. Time variant
systems respond differently to the same input at different
times. The opposite is true for time invariant systems (TIV).
 Examples of time-variant systems

• The human vocal tract is a time variant system, with its transfer
function at any given time dependent on the shape of the vocal
organs. As with any fluid-filled tube, resonances
(called formants) change as the vocal organs such as
the tongue and velum move. Mathematical models of the vocal
tract are therefore time-variant, with transfer functions
often linearly interpolated between states over time.
 Linear Circuit
• A linear circuit is one in which the electronic components'
values (such as resistance, capacitance, inductance, gain, etc.)
do not change with the level of voltage or current in
the circuit. Linear circuits are important because they can
amplify and process electronic signals without distortion.
 Non Linear Circuit
• Non Linear Circuit: A nonlinear circuit is an
electric circuit whose parameters are varied with respect to
Current and Voltage. In other words, an electric circuit in
which circuit parameters (Resistance, inductance, capacitance,
waveform, frequency etc) is not constant, is called Non Linear
Circuit.
 Active Network
• An active network contains at least one voltage source or
current source that can supply energy to
the network indefinitely.
 Passive network
Passive network it does not contain any source of emf. It
consists of passive elements like R, L, C. These elements are
not capable of doing the functions done by the active
elements.
 Independent and Dependent Sources

• There are two principal types of source, namely voltage

source   and current source.  Sources can be either
independent or dependent upon some other quantities.
 Independent Sources

• An independent voltage source  maintains a voltage (fixed or

varying with time) which is not affected by any other quantity.
Similarly an independent current source  maintains a current
(fixed or time-varying) which is unaffected by any other
quantity. The usual symbols are shown in figure
 Dependent Sources
• Some voltage (current) sources have their voltage (current)
values varying with some other variables. They are
called dependent   voltage (current) sources
or controlled voltage (current) sources , and their usual
symbols are shown in below figure
THANK YOU
sudhangshu.sarkar@nit.ac.in
sarkar.sudhangshu@gmail.com
Whatsapp: 9830054232
Call:9830054232