ELECTRODYNAMICS

WMSU

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REPORTERS
• Danny Kim R. Pigar- Main
Encoder
• Quilyn Mariano- Encoder
• Reajoy Robles- Encoder

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CHAPTER 13:
ELECTRODYNAMICS

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CONCEPT BOX

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 13.1: OHM’S LAW
• Electrodynamics- deals with electrical changes in motion.
• Electric circuit- a closed conducting path where charges flow.
• Electric current, resistance and voltage or potential difference are the
three essential elements of electric circuit.

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13.2: ELECTRIC CURRENT
• Electric current- is the amount of charge passing through any point in a
conductor per unit time.
• The SI Unit for current is ampere(A) named after French scientist and
Mathematician Andre Marie Ampere.

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13.2: ELECTRIC CURRENT
• Conventional current- the direction of flow is from positive to negative.
• Electron current- a stream of electrons flowing in a direction opposite that
of the conventional current.
• Direct current or DC- current flows in one direction at all times. Used in
battery-operated devices such as flashlights, cellphones.
• Alternating current or AC- current that changes in any direction at regular
interval(normally 60 times in one second). Produced by electric companies
like MERALCO and used in our appliances.

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13.3: RESISTANCE
• Is the opposition a material offers to the flow of charges through it.
• The SI Unit is ohm named after George Simon Ohm.
• The Greek word omega represents the unit ohm.
• Two symbols may be used for resistor in an electric circuit.

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13.3: RESISTANCE
• Factors affecting resistance of an object are : cross-sectional area, length,
kind of material, and temperature.
• As the area increases, the resistance increases.
• An increase in length increases the resistance.

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13.3: RESISTANCE

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13.3: RESISTANCE
Color code for resistance
• Resistors- regulate the flow of current.
Two general types of resistors:
• Composition resistors- made up of carbon.
• Wire-round resistors- consists of a coil of a fine wire.

• There are three to four color bands in a resistors

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13.4: ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
• Common sources of potential difference are:
• A. electric cells- converts chemical energy to electrical energy.
• B. generators- converts mechanical energy to electrical energy.

• An electric cell consists of one positive electrode and one negative

electrode.
• Electrolyte- immersed electrodes in an ion-conducting medium.
• Alessandro Volta- invented the first cell in 1799 consists of alternating
discs made of zinc and silver with piece of cloth soaked with salt solution
with them and called the voltaic pile
• Dry cells- usually used in toys, alarm clocks and flashlights.
• Storage batteries- are used in cars.
• Nickel-cadmium- are usually used in electronics and cellular phones.

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13.4: ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

Dry cells electric cells generators

Nickel-cadmium Storage batteries

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13.4: ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
• Solar-cells- emit electrons when they are struck by light.
• Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller, and Darryl Chaplin- developed in 1954 a
first solar battery consists of several strips of silicons.
• Primary cells- cells that cannot be recharged.
• Secondary cells- cells that are rechargeable.
•

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13.4: ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
•

Solar-cells

Secondary cells 16
13.4: ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
• Internal resistance of a cell- small resistance to electric current
represented by r.
• Electromotive force(emf)- potential difference across its terminals when no
current is flowing and represented by letter E.
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13.5: SIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
• Series circuit- the one that contains more than one piece of electrical
apparatus(or resistors) connected one after another in a single line.
Current flows in a single path and stops flowing when the circuit fails.
• Parallel circuit- where two or more pieces of electrical apparatus(or
resistors) are connected side by side so that the current is divided between
them. Each apparatus operates independently of the others.

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13.5: SIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

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13.5: SIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

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13.6: COMBINATION OF CELLS
• Battery- is a combination of cells.
• Cells may be connected in series or parallel.
• Cells are in series when the positive terminal of one cell is connected to the
negative terminal of the next cell.
• Cells are in parallel when all the positive terminals are joined together as
well as all the negative terminal.

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13.6: COMBINATION OF CELLS

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13.7: THE MEASUREMENT OF
CURRENT, VOLTAGE, AND RESISTANCE
• Measured by ammeter, voltmeter, and ohm-meter.
• Three meters are combined to formed a multi-meter.
• Types of multi-meter are: digital and non-digital(or galvanometer).
• Galvanometer- electrical device primarily used to detect the presence of
current, named after the Italian anatomist Luigi Galvani who experimented
“animal electricity.”
• Ammeter- is a galvanometer with a low resistance called shunt resistor
connected parallel to it.
• Ohmmeter- consists of a galvanometer in series with a battery and a
resistor R.
• Wheatstone bridge- is an electrical circuit used for comparing resistances,
invented by Hunter Christie, but was named after Sir Charles Wheatstone
who popularized the use of this electrical circuit.

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13.7: THE MEASUREMENT OF
CURRENT, VOLTAGE, AND RESISTANCE

Ammeter multi-meter
Galvanometer

Ohmmeter

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13.8: ELECTRICAL POWER AND
ENERGY

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 13.9: HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICITY
• Consists of several circuits connected parallel to the main line.
• Each of the circuits contains several parallel outlets.
• Most electrical appliances use a three-prong plug in their power cords.
• Two principal flat wires are live and neutral for the current-carrying wire.

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 13.9: HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICITY
• Fuses and circuit breakers prevent overloading.
• Fuse consists of a high resistance strip of alloy that melts readily. A 15 A
fuse melts if the current exceeds 15 A.
• Circuit breaker- a simply large switch that is opened automatically by an
electromagnet when the current is large.

Circuit breaker

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13.9: HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICITY

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SUMMARY
• Electrodynamics- deals with electrical changes in motion.
• Electric circuit- a closed conducting path where charges flow.
• Electric current, resistance and voltage or potential difference are
the three essential elements of electric circuit.
• Electric current- is the amount of charge passing through any point in a
conductor per unit time.
• Conventional current- the direction of flow is from positive to negative.
• Electron current- a stream of electrons flowing in a direction opposite
that of the conventional current.
• Direct current or DC- current flows in one direction at all times. Used in
battery-operated devices such as flashlights, cellphones.
• Alternating current or AC- current that changes in any direction at
regular interval(normally 60 times in one second). Produced by electric
companies like MERALCO and used in our appliances.

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A CLOSER LOOK
• Electricity possess potential for corresponding destructive effects.
• The first danger from electricity is that of fire.
• The second danger is the one involving life.
• Electricity shocks happen when current from an external source
passes through the body.
• It is the current that kills not the voltage.
• Current also depend on the resistance. In turn, resistance depends
on the condition of the body.
• One of the important Dos for electricity is ; disconnect an appliance
from the power source, pull the plug not the cord.
• One of the most important Don’ts for electricity is: Don’t touch a
switch or plug an electrical appliances itself with wet or damp hands.

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SEE YOU NEXT TIME!!

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