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Into To Soft Computing
Into To Soft Computing
Model of a neuron
6
ANN ARCHITECTURES
X y X z1
1 1 1
y
1
X2 y2
X2
z2
y2
X3 y3
X3 z3
z3
X3
Neuron Zi - Output
Input Layer Hidden Layer Output Layer
3.Recurrent Networks
LEARNING METHODS OF ANN
NN Learning
algorithms
Least Mean
Square Backpropagation
FUZZY LOGIC
Fuzzy set theory proposed in 1965 by A. Zadeh is
a generalization of classical set theory.
In classical set theory, an element either belong to or
does not belong to a set and hence, such set are
termed as crisp set. But in fuzzy set, many degrees
of membership (between o/1) are allowed
FUZZY VERSES CRISP
FUZZY CRISP
IS R AM HONEST ?
IS WATER COLORLESS ?
Extremely
YES!(1)
Honest(1)
Very
FUZZY Honest(0.8) CRISP
Honest at
NO!(0)
Times(0.4)
Extremely
Dishonest(0)
OPERTIONS
CRISP FUZZY
1.Union 1.Union
2.Intersection 2.Intersection
3.Complement 3.Complement
4.Difference 4.Equality
5.Difference
6.Disjunctive Sum
PROPERTIES
CRISP FUZZY
Commutativity Commutativity
Associativity Associativity
Distributivity Distributivity
Idempotence Idempotence
Identity Identity
Law Of Absorption Law Of
Transitivity Absorption
Transitivity
Involution
Involution
De Morgan’s Law
De Morgan’s Law
Law Of the Excluded
Middle
Law Of Contradiction
GENETIC ALGORITHM
Genetic Algorithms initiated and developed in the early
1970’s by John Holland are unorthodox search and
optimization algorithms, which mimic some of the
process of natural evolution. Gas perform directed
random search through a given set of alternative
with the aim of finding the best alternative with
respect tp the given criteria of goodness. These
criteria are required to be expressed in terms ofan
object function which is usually referred to as a
fitness function.
BIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
All living organism consist of cell. In each cell, there is a
set of chromosomes which are strings of DNA and
serves as a model of the organism. A chromosomes
consist of genes of blocks of DNA. Each gene encodes a
particular pattern. Basically, it can be said that each
gene encodes a traits.
A
Fig. Genome A
G
G C
consisting T
Of chromosomes. A
G A
T C T C
ENCODING
There are many ways of representing individual
genes.
Binary Encoding
Octal Encoding
Hexadecimal Encoding
Permutation Encoding
Value Encoding
Tree Encoding
BENEFITS OF GENETIC ALGORITHM
Easy to understand.
We always get an answer and the answer gets
better with time.
Good for noisy environment.
Flexible in forming building blocks for
hybrid application.
Has substantial history and range of use.
Supports multi-objective optimization.
Modular, separate from application.
APPLICATION OF SOFT COMPUTING