Data Models IN DBMS

Objectives
Define Data Models
Why data models are important
About the basic data-modeling building
blocks
How the major data models evolved
How data models can be classified

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Data Model
A Model is a representation of reality, ’real world’
objects and events and their associations.

 Data Model refers to Conceptual Model of the Data and

the relationships among them.

A collection of tools for describing

 Data
 Data relationships
 Data constraints

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The Importance of Data Models
Relatively simple representations, usually
graphical, of complex real-world data structures.
Facilitate interaction among the designer, the
applications programmer, and the end user.

Data model organizes data for various users.

They give higher quality to DBMS.

It gives clearer scope for developing
applications.

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Data Model Basic Building Blocks
 Entity - anything about which data are to be collected and
stored

 Attribute - a characteristic of an entity

 Relationship - describes an association among entities

◦ One-to-many (1:M) relationship
◦ Many-to-many (M:N or M:M) relationship
◦ One-to-one (1:1) relationship
 Constraint - a restriction placed on the data

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Business Rules
Describecharacteristics of the data as viewed by
the company.

Apply to any organization that stores and uses

data to generate information

Description of operations that help to create and

enforce actions within that organization’s
environment

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The Evolution of Data Models

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The Hierarchical Model
Developed in the 1960s to manage large
amounts of data for complex
manufacturing projects.

Basic logical structure is represented by

an upside-down “tree”

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The Hierarchical Model (continued)

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The Hierarchical Model (continued)
The hierarchical structure contains levels,
or segments

Depicts a set of one-to-many (1:M)

relationships between a parent and its
children segments
◦ Each parent can have many children
◦ Each child has only one parent

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The Hierarchical Model (continued)
Advantages
◦ Simplicity
◦ Security
◦ Efficiency
◦ Many of the hierarchical data model’s features formed
the foundation for current data models
◦ Its database application advantages are replicated in a
different form, in current database environments

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The Hierarchical Model (continued)
Disadvantages

◦ Difficult to manage
◦ Lacks structural independence
◦ Implementation limitations
◦ Poor Portability
◦ Complexity of Programming

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Set Structure

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 The Network Model (continued)
Advantages
Conceptual simplicity
Resembles hierarchical model
Represent complex data relationships more
effectively
Improve database performance

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The Network Model
Disadvantages
 System complexity

 Operational Anomalies

 Lack of Structural Independence

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The Relational Model
Relational Database Management System
(RDBMS)

Performs same functions provided by

hierarchical and network DBMS systems, in
addition to other functions.

 RDBMS has ability to hide the complexities of

the relational model from the user

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The Relational Model (continued)

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The Relational Model (continued)

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The Relational Model (continued)
Table (relations)
◦ Matrix consisting of a series of row/column
intersections

◦ Related to each other through sharing a common

entity characteristic

Relational diagram
◦ Representation of relational database’s entities,
attributes within those entities, and relationships
between those entities

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The Relational Model (continued)
Relational Table
◦ Stores a collection of related entities

Relational table is purely logical structure

◦ How data are physically stored in the database is

of no concern to the user or the designer

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 The Relational Model (continued)

 Data Definition Language (DDL)

◦ Enables database administrator to define
schema(logical structure of database)
components .

DML
◦ Syntax or Code used for inserting , deleting or
manipulating the records in database.

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 The Relational Model (continued)
Structured Query Language (SQL) allows the user
to specify what must be done without specifying
how it must be done

SQL-based relational database application

involves:
◦ User interface
◦ A set of tables stored in the database
◦ SQL engine - provides controlled access and rapid
transaction processing.

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The Relational Model
Advantages :
 Information as tables consisting of rows and columns is
much easier to understand.

 Relational database has structural independence.

 Both data independence and structural independence

 Simple to navigate

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The Relational Model
Disadvantages :

Not good machine performance

Slower processing times than hierarchical and
network models.

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The Entity Relationship Model
Widely accepted and adapted graphical
tool for data modeling.

Graphical representation of entities and

their relationships in a database structure

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The Entity Relationship Model

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 The Entity Relationship Model
(continued)
Entity relationship diagram (ERD)
◦ Uses graphic representations to model database
components

Entity instance (or occurrence) is row in table

Entity set is collection of like entities

◦ Diamond connected to related entities through a
relationship line

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The Entity Relationship Model

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The Entity Relationship Model
Advantages
Conceptually simple
Better visual representation
Effective Communication Tool
Converting ER Diagrams to tables is very
simple.
Easy conversion to any Data Model

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Entity Relationship Model
Disadvantages
Limited Constraints and Specifications
Limited Relationship Representation
No industry standard for notation
No representation of data manipulation

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 The Object Oriented Model
 Object is an abstraction of a real-world entity.

 A named entity made up of selected attributes and behavior

specific to a particular usage.

 Attributes describe the properties of an object

 Objects that share similar characteristics are grouped in classes

 Classes are organized in a class hierarchy

 Inheritance is the ability of an object within the class hierarchy

to inherit the attributes of classes above it

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The Object Oriented Model
(continued)

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 The Object Oriented Model
(continued)
Object becomes basic building block for
structures

Includes information about relationships between

facts within object, and relationships with other
objects

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Object Oriented Model
Advantages
 Is a more natural and realistic representation of
real-world objects.
Reusability of Classes
Capable of handling a large variety of data types
(eg – pictures , video etc.)
Support for long duration transactions
Improved Performance

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 Object Oriented Models
Disadvantages
Lack of universal data model
Limited use
Lack of standards
Lack of support for views
Complex
Lack of Security

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Question
What is client server data model?

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