ETIKA DALAM PENULISAN DAN

PENYAJIAN ARTIKEL ILMIAH

(CRITICAL APPRAISAL
JOURNAL)

Judiono

Email : judi.fkundip@gmail.com
PENGEMBANGAN ILMU
 Pengembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan merupakan
rangkaian penelitian ilmiah
 Publikasi Artikel Ilmiah merupakan puncak
rangkaian kegiatan penelitian (yang telah
menyita waktu, dana yg tdk sdkt)
 Mencakup bertahun-tahun perencanaan, dimulai
dengan merumuskan masalah, membangun
kerangka teori/konsep dg mengkaji publikasi-
publikasi yang sudah ada, merumuskan
hipotesis, dan melaksanakan riset,menguji
hipotesis dan menarik kesimpulan
KEGIATAN ILMIAH
Honestly
Objectively
Fairly
 Peneliti dituntut untuk selalu mengutamakan etika mulai
dari perencanaan (penulisan proposal), pelaksanaan riset
sampai publikasinya
PROPOSAL RISET
 Scientific Review

 Ethical Review: Perhatikan prinsip Etik Universal 

harus tercermin dalam INFORMED CONSENT yg harus
dilampirkan pada saat permintaan Kaji Etik kepada
Komisi Etika Penelitian Kesehatan
PRINSIP ETIKA UNIVERSAL
 Respect for person (autonomy)
 Beneficence

 Non-maleficence : Do no harm

(Maximize the possible benefits while minimizing all

possible health risks)
 Justice

The Belmont Report

INFORMED CONSENT
Terdiri 2 bagian:
 Bagian informasi tentang riset dengan memuat hak-hak
subjek peserta riset a.l. memuat Prinsip Etik Universal
 Bagian persetujuan setelah penjelasan memuat
tandatangan persetujuan subjek peserta penelitian,
peneliti dan saksi (dilengkapi nama ybs dlm huruf
kapital)
INFORMED CONSENT
 IC consist of 2 parts:
A. Written information given to the subjects prior to his/her
participation to the Trial, consist of:
a. Basis elements
b. Additional elements
B. Form for the subject’s signature

Language and terminology used in the IC should be simple and

understood by the subject
A. WRITTEN INFORMATION:
BASIC ELEMENTS

 Data confidentially
 Compensation or insurance in order to cover the incidence or
SAE or Adverse events
 Voluntary participation

 Name, address, phone number of the investigator or sub-

investigator that can be contacted
A. WRITTEN INFORMATION:
ADDITIONAL ELEMENTS

 Approximate number of subjects that will be participate in the

Trial
 Potential risks that is still unknown

 Subject can be withdrawn from the Trial

 Potential risks (if any) for the subjects withdrawn prior the
completeness of the Trial
 Subject’s incentive (if any)
B. CONSENT FORM
I have received verbal information on above study and have
read the written IC. All of my questions have been answered
by the study doctor. I understand that I may withdraw at
anytime without affecting my standard care.

By signing this information and consent form,

I agree to take part in this study

 Signature of the Subject, printed BLOCK CAPITAL NAME, date of

Signature

 Signature of the Witness, printed BLOCK CAPITAL NAME, date of

Signature
 Signature of the Investigator, printed BLOCK CAPITAL NAME, date of
Signature
ETIKA PD PERCOBAAN BINATANG

Prinsip 3 R:
 Penggantian (Replacement),

 Pengurangan (Reduction),

 Perbaikan (Refinement)
REPLACEMENT
 Any scientific method employing non-sentient
material which may in the history of animal
experimentation replace methods which use concious
living vertebrates

 Adakah metoda riset yg dpt mencapai tujuan penelitian

tanpa menggunakan hewan coba?
 Sel, jar, organ mns lbh diutamakan dp bint?
 /Hewan coba yg dimatikan secara manusiawi?
 Skala filogenetik yg paling tidak perasa (less sentient)
REDUCTION

 Lowering the number of animal used to obtain

information of a given amount and precision

 Desain, terutama besar sampel

 Mencapai tujuan penelitian dng mendapat informasi
ilmiah, yang sebanding dengan jumlah hewan coba yg
minimal
REFINEMENT

 Any development leading to a decrease in the incidence

or severity of inhuman procedures applied to those
animals which have to be used

 Mencakup pengkajian metode yg mengurangi rasa nyeri

utk menjamin kesejahteraan hewan coba
ETIKA PD PERCOBAAN BINATANG
Utk penelitian pada hewan Coba, diperlukan Keterangan
dari Tempat Hewan tsb dipelihara (sbg lampiran EC),
menyangkut:
 a. Bgmn Cara Pemeliharaan Hewan

 b. Bgmn Cara perlakuan

 c. Bgmn Cara Membunuh Hewan Coba

PENULISAN HASIL RISET
(ARTIKEL ILMIAH)

 Fabrication and Falcification data,

 Plagiarism,

 Redundant and Duplicate publication

SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT
Definition:
“…………fabrication, falcification, or plagiarism in
proposing, performing, or reviewing research or in
reporting research results……………..”
FABRICATION, FALCIFICATION
 Fabrication is recording or presenting (in any format)
fictitious data

 Falcification is manipulating data or experiment

procedure to produce a desire outcome or to avoid a
complicating or inexplicable result
SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT
 RESEARCH MISCONDUCT

 1974-1981: 12 kasus di US

 2000: 37 fabrikasi, 24 falsifikasi, 19 plagiarism dilaporkan ke

ORI (Office of Research Integrity), US.
THE IMPACT
 If an investigator were to falsify findings on a potentially
new clinical therapy or paradigm-shifting disease
management program, the impact on a patient could be
life threatening at the worst or, at a minimum,
psychologically devastating
INTEGRITY OF THE SCIENTIFIC
ENTERPRISE

 Reports of ORI: the falsification and fabrication of data is

rising
 Each member of Scientific community must ensure that he/she
faithfully and acurately obtains, represents, and reports
experimental data.
 Only in that way: the integrity of the scientific enterprise can
be maintain
PLAGIARISM
 …….is using someone else’s word, idea, or results
without attribution.

 ORI: ……the theft or missappropriation of intellectual

property….”
 “……the substantial unattributed textual copying of
another’s work.”
 PLAGIARISM:
SOURCES NOT CITED

 The Ghost writer

 The Fotocopy

 The Potluck Paper

 The Poor Disguise

 The Labor of Laziness

 The Self-Stealer
 PLAGIARISM:
SOURCES NOT CITED
 The Ghost Writer
 The writer turns in another’s work, word-for-word, as his or
her own
 The Photocopy
 The writer copies significant portions of text straight from a
single source, without alteration
 PLAGIARISM:
SOURCES NOT CITED
 The Potluck Paper
 The writer tries to disguise plagiarism by copying
from several different sources, tweaking the sentences
to make them fit together while retaining most of the
original phrasing
 The Poor Disguise
 Although the writer has retained the essential content
of the source, he or she has altered the paper’s
appearance slightly by changing key words and
phrases
 PLAGIARISM:
SOURCES NOT CITED
 The Labor of Laziness
 The writer takes the time to paraphrase most of the paper
from other sources and make it all fit together, instead of
spending the same effort on original work
 The Self-Stealer
 The writer “borrows” generously from his or her previous
work, violating policies concerning the expectation of
originality adopted by most academic institutions
 PLAGIARISM:
SOURCES CITED, BUT STILL PLAGIARIZED

 The Forgotten Footnote

 The Missinformer

 The Too Perfect Paraphrase

 The Resourceful Citer

 The Perfect Crime

 PLAGIARISM:
SOURCES CITED, BUT STILL PLAGIARIZED
 The Forgotten Footnote
 The writer mentions an author’s name for a source, but
neglects to include specific information on the location of the
material referenced. This often masks other forms of
plagiarism by obscuring source locations
 The Misinformer
 The writer provides inaccurate information regarding the
sources, making it impossible to find them
 PLAGIARISM:
SOURCES CITED, BUT STILL PLAGIARIZED
 The Too-Perfect Paraphrase
 The writer properly cites a source, but neglects to put in
quotation marks text that has been copied word-for-word, or
close to it. Although attributing the basic ideas to the source,
the writer is falsely claiming original presentation and
interpretation of the information
 PLAGIARISM:
SOURCES CITED, BUT STILL PLAGIARIZED
 The Resourceful Citer
 The writer properly cites all sources, paraphrasing and using
quotations appropriately. The catch? The paper contains
almost no original work! It is sometimes difficult to spot this
form of plagiarism because it looks like any other well-
researched document
 PLAGIARISM:
SOURCES CITED, BUT STILL PLAGIARIZED
 The Perfect Crime
 In this case, the writer properly quotes and cites sources in
some places, but goes on to paraphrase other arguments from
those sources without citation. The writer tries to pass off the
paraphrased material as his or her own analysis of the cited
material
 GUIDELINE
MIGUEL ROIG, ST JOHN UNIVERSITY, NY
 Always acknowledge explicitly the originator of
ideas and contribution of another, regardless of
whether it is paraphrased, summarized, or use
directly
 Any verbatim text taken from another author
must be enclosed in quotation marks
 When paraphrasing, make sure you understand
completely the text and use your own words
 Provide a reference when you are not sure that
the fact or idea you using is common knowledge
SELF-PLAGIARISM
 Recycling fraud: the reuse of significant, identical, or
nearly identical portions of one own’s work without
acknowledging that one is doing so or without citing
the original work

Miguel Roig (2002):

 Duplicate publication of an article in more than one
journal
 Salami slicing: partitioning of one study into multiple
publication
 Text recycling
 Copyright infrigement
REDUNDANT PUBLICATION
 Special type of Plagiarism
 = Repetitive Publication:

 Publication of copyrighted material with

additional new or unpublished data
 Republication of part or parts of an already
published article (not the entire article)

(Republication of data contain in an article previously published in

another language is acceptable. At the time of submission, authors
should disclose detail of related paper)
DUPLICATE PUBLICATION
 Publication of an article, that is identical or overlaps
substantially with an article already published elsewhere,
with or without acknowledgment
  can be classified as Self-plagiarism
 Duplicate publication: biases the conclusions on drug efficacy
and safety

 Author can only submit their manuscript to a single journal at a

time

 Author may resubmit the same or revise version to another

journal only if the first journal make the decision not to
publish it, or it is withdrawn by the author
MOST JOURNALS:

…. The journal only accept research papers that are original work,
no part of which has been submitted for publication elsewhere,
either in print or in electronic format………

THANK YOU
REFERENCES
 Benos, DJ., Fabres, J., Farmer,J., Guiterrez, JP., Hennessy, K.,
Kosek, D., et al. Ethics and scientific publication., Adv.
Physiol. Educ., 29: 59-74, 2005.
 Types of plagiarism [homepage on the internet], no date [Cited
2010 May 1], available from: http://www.plagiarism.org
 Goodstein DE. Scientific misconduct [homepage on the
internet]. No date [cited 2010 April 27] available from:
http://www.aaup.org
 Etik penggunaan hewan percobaan, Dalam: Pedoman nasional
etik penelitian kesehatan. Supl II, KNEPK Depkes RI, Jakarta
2006