This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC
 This Photo by Unknown
Author is licensed under
CC BY-NC

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC

The Big
Picture
 The History of Life on Earth

Multicellular eukaryotes
(with nuclear membrane)
evolved about 1 billion
years ago.

For 2.6 billion years, life

was unicellular.

Life began on Earth 3.6

billion years ago as a
prokaryotic cell
(single-celled organism
with no nuclear
membrane).

The Earth formed 4.5

billion years ago.
 Classification of Living Things

Scientists estimate that there are between 3 million

and 100 million species of organisms on Earth.

Taxonomists--biologists
Taxonomists who specialize in
identifying and classifying life on our planet--have
named approximately 1.7 million species so far.

Each year, about 13,000 new species are added to

the list of known organisms.

So, how do scientists classify (organize) all

these millions of species?
 2 Types of Cells
3 Domains and 4 Kingdoms

EUKARYOTES
organisms with a
nuclear membrane

PROKARYOTES
organisms with no
nuclear membrane
 Nucleolus

Nuclear
List the membrane

similarities
and
differences
between
Eukaryotes
and
Prokaryotes.
Prokaryotes
 Life’s History and Diversity

Line length reflects evolutionary distance.

Note the close spacing of the groups plants (maize), fungi (yeast)
and animals (humans).

We’ve got a lot more in common with bacteria and plants than we
think!
 Life’s History

Animals diversified in
the ocean about 600
million years ago.
in the ocean

Plants colonized land

about 440 million years
ago and were followed
shortly by animals.

Humans of any sort are

a very recent
evolutionary
development (~ 7
million years ago).
 Archaea
The Archaea are one of two groups of prokaryotic organisms,
organisms with no nuclear membrane. (Bacteria are the other group.)

Archaea are
believed to be the
earliest form of life
on Earth. Although
both archaea and
bacteria are simple ARCHAEA
life-forms, archaea
are very different
from bacteria.

Archaea do not require sunlight for photosynthesis, as plants do,

and they do not need oxygen. Archaea absorb CO2, N2, or H2S
and give off methane gas as a waste product.
Archaea are best known for living in extremely hostile environments
(very hot, very acid, or very salty), but they can also be found in less
extreme conditions.
 Bacteria – the Most Abundant Organisms

Bacteria (Staphylococcus Mycoplasma Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium

aureus; yellow spheres) E. Coli bacteria that causes Lyme disease.
hyopneumoniae
adhering to nasal cilia.

There are more bacteria in your mouth than there have been people living
since the dawn of humans.
 What Good Are Bacteria?

Bacteria are the

primary
recyclers of
materials in the
environment,
environment
particularly
nitrogen.

Newsflash!!!
Bacteria
discovered that
can do
photosynthesis!
 What Good Are Bacteria?
Bacteria are also essential for many processes we
depend on – sewage treatment, cheese production,
antibiotic production, and biotechnological processes like
gene cloning and protein production.
Bacteria are used to
produce insulin and
other drugs that
people need.
The Domain Eukarya is divided into 4 Kingdoms:

Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Classifying Critters activity

 PROTISTS

• Protists are eukaryotes because

they all have a nucleus.
• Most have mitochondria.
• Many have chloroplasts with
which they carry on
photosynthesis.
• Many are unicellular and all
groups (with one exception)
contain some unicellular
members.

A better name for Protists would

be "Eukaryotes that are neither Protists
Animals, Fungi, nor Plants".
Visit Protist Park
 Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Mitosis and meiosis are
nuclear division processes
that occur during cell division.

Mitosis involves the division of
body cells, while meiosis
involves the division of sex
cells.
Cell cycle is the name we
give the process through

The division of a cell occurs
which cells replicate and once in mitosis but twice in
make two new cells.
meiosis.
 FUNGI

Fungi sometimes look like plants, but they’re not!

Fungi can’t do photosynthesis, because they don’t have chloroplasts;

they get their nutrients from the organic material they live in.
 Decomposers, like mushrooms, feed on dead organic material.
 Some fungi feed on living organisms, such as plants, animals
and even other fungi. This causes diseases and infections in these
organisms (like athlete’s foot and ringworm in humans).
 Some fungi live as symbiotic partners with algae. The
result: lichen (pronounced “like-n”).
more lichen
Other differences from plants:
• fungi don’t have roots, they have a mycelium. FUNGI
• fungi’s cell walls are made of chitin, not cellulose.
 PLANTS

No vascular system Vascular system

Mosses,
Liverworts,
Hornworts
Seedless Plants Seed Plants
(reproduce by spores) (reproduce by seeds)
Ferns,
Horsetails,
Club Mosses

Gymnosperms Angiosperms
(“naked seeds”) (flowers, seeds
enclosed in fruit)
Conifers
Cycads Flowering Plants
Gingkoes
 ANIMALS

Invertebrates Vertebrates
(no backbone) (backbone)
Animal Classification
As you can see, we mammals (4000 species) are far
outnumbered by the other vertebrates, or chordates (38,300).
And vertebrates (42,300) are definitely outnumbered by
invertebrates (989,700 species). The biggest categories of
invertebrates: INSECTS!
3 members of the genus “Felis” (cat).
Taxonomy, or classification, enables
scientists to assign a very specific name to
every species, so that scientists all over the
world know exactly what species is being
referred to.
Kingdom
Phylum
Class Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Remember: Kids Prefer Candy Over Fresh Green Salad

Kingdom:  Animalia
Phylum:   Chordata
Class:     Mammalia
Order:    Carnivora
Suborder:   Aeluroidae
Family:   Felidae
Subfamily:   Panthernae
Genus:  Panthera
Species:  
            Tigris                    
 Tigris  
Subspecies              
Panthera tigris altaica Siberian or Amur
Tiger, Southeast Russia/China 
Panthera tigris tigris India  
Panthera tigris amoyensis Southern
China  
Panthera tigris corbetti Indochina
Panthera tigris sumatrae Sumatran
Primates –
Our Order
within the
Class
Mammalia

Humans:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family:
Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: H. Sapiens
This is approximately where the last 60 million
years of primate evolution has occurred.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed
under CC BY-SA
Reproduction
• Asexual Reproduction
The formation of new
– One parent individuals from the cells
– No reproductive organs of a single parent. This
is very common in
– No genetic variation
plants less common in
– Mitosis and Cytokinesis animals
– Binary Fission, Budding,
Spores, Regeneration,
Vegetative Propagation
• Sexual Reproduction The perpetuation
of a new organism
– Two parents from two
– Sex cells organisms with the
use gametes.
– Meiosis
– Genetic variation
• Survival of species
Activity 5: Name It (15 pts.)
Directions: Name the pieces of evidence on the evolution of life.
Write your answer on the space provided. Pick your answer from
the terms inside the box.
Activity 12:
Why Should I Study History
of Life? (10 pts.)

Directions: Write at least

fifty-word reflection paper
on: “Why should I study
history of life?”.
Directions: Given the characteristics of
life in the first column, answer the related
questions posted in the second column.
What’s More: Activity 5 Types and Examples
of Asexual Reproduction in Animals (10 pts.)
Directions. Match animals to the type of
asexual reproduction and their descriptions.
Write the type of asexual reproduction and
the letter of the description in each column.

Type of asexual reproduction:

PARTHENOGENESIS BINARY FISSION
FRAGMENTATION TRANSVERSE
FISSION BUDDING

Descriptions:
A. The organism split into two separate
organism.
B. A new individual grows on the body of its
parent.
C. Multiple pieces of the parent breaks off and
develops into a new organism.
D. The organism divides into two, leaving one
piece headless and the other tailless each piece
grows the missing body parts.
E. Females egg develop into a new organism
without being fertilized by a sperm cell.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA