WIRELESS CHARGING &

BATTERY MANAGEMENT UNIT

FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Under the Guidance of Presented by
Mr. Raghavendra L, M Tech
Gagana S - 4AD18EE010
Associate Professor, Department of EEE, ATMECE, Adithya K S - 4AD18EE002
Mysuru Gowthami H S - 4AD19EE409
CONTENTS
LITERATURE PROBLEM PROJECT
INTRODUCTION
SURVEY STATMENT OBJECTIVE

METHODOLOGY ADVANTAGES REFERENCE

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INTRODUCTION
The worldwide challenge of air pollution is primarily due to ICE based vehicles. The current
era of global warming mainly caused by harmful emissions is a deep concern for the nations to
bring a viable solution for reducing these emissions mainly from transportation infrastructure
(Figure 1.1).
In addition, the extensive use of fossil fuels for transportation is a major issue leading to the
existing environmental concerns such as climate change, air pollution, and the greenhouse
effect, which leads to global renovation in the automotive industries by switching the ICE
vehicle to Electric Vehicle.
The induction of Electric Vehicles (EVs) is a potential and viable solution to the environmental
challenges faced by the automotive industry. Global automotive investors are supporting the
research and development to enhance the EV technology at par with ICE based vehicles.

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 Figure 1.1: The worldwide harmful emission presented
sectors wise

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 INTRODUCTION
 The concept of wireless power transfer through electromagnetic induction has attracted many
researchers for implementing the wireless charging of electronic devices as well as high voltage
batteries of electric vehicles.
 Despite the numerous advantages of EV wireless charging, the wireless power transfer technology
faced numerous challenges in the commercial implementation and business viability in the
automotive sector.
 The major challenges are high initial cost and low power transfer efficiency as compared to the
established conductive EV chargers. Moreover, the safety issues related to the electromagnetic field
and electromagnetic interference for high power transfer are a major concern for homologation.
 The major standards and regulations agencies have provided guidelines to circumvent any potential
safety issues. The emerging innovative research and continuous developments in the wireless
charging technology of EV have unlocked a new era of sustainable and safe transportation.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS
WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER METHODS:

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LITERATURE SURVEY
1. Charging Systems for Electric, Plug-In Electric, And Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles:

EV Charging Infrastructure development is crucial for the successful deployment of EVs. As compared to ICE vehicles,

EVs require extended time for refueling and have less range dedicated charging connectors and fewer charging stations. An
xEV charger with high power and high efficiency is needed to overcome this refueling problem. A fast charger can charge
the battery very quickly, achieving about 50% charge in 3 min and up to 80% in 15 min [1][2].
2. Conductive Charging for EVs:

An EV conductive charger consists of a physical connection between the electrical power system and the EV. It consists of

ac–dc rectifier and dc-dc converters or directly from a low-frequency ac to high-frequency ac converter with power factor
correction (PFC). Conductive chargers are classified as onboard and off-board chargers. In onboard chargers, rectifiers, and
battery current regulators reside inside of the vehicle, whereas rectifiers and battery regulators reside outside the vehicle for
off board chargers. Conductive chargers are classified based on the power transfer level AC level 1 charger is <2 kW, ac
level 2 charger is 4–20 kW, and dc level 3 has more than 20–120 kW [3] [4][5].
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LITERATURE SURVEY
3. Permanent Magnet Coupling-based Wireless Charging:

The University of British Columbia has developed a method that relies on the “magnetic gear effect,” where a

permanent magnet (Neodymium permanent magnets) acts as a magnetic coupler. The primary-side permanent
magnetized rotor rotates the secondary rotor with the same speed, known as synchronous speed. A permanent magnet
WPT prototype was developed by Covicetal. which transfers the power with 81% efficiency at a 150-Hz frequency for
a 150-mm distance. There are many drawbacks to this system because of the vibrations and noise of many mechanical
components. Another major problem with this scheme is alignment and maintenance issues. For EV charging
applications, this method is not suitable due to the large system, low efficiency, mechanical rotation, etc[6] [7].

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LITERATURE SURVEY
4. Inductive Charging or Wireless Charging:

IPT-based wireless charging uses the principle of magnetic induction to transmit power without a medium. It is based on

Lenz‟s law and Faraday‟s law, where a time-variant current in a conductor creates the magnetic field around the conductor,
and a secondary loop (receiver) gets voltage generated due to time-variant magnetic. flux The receiver is connected to the
load which closes the circuit to transfer the power without wires. In 1819, Oersted had discovered the concept of generation
of the magnetic field around the current-carrying conductor and was the beginning of electromagnetism. Ampere‟s law,
Faraday‟s law, and Biot–Savart‟s law were the results of the property of the magnetic field. With the introduction of
Maxwell‟s equation (1864), the relationship between electric and magnetic fields was developed. In 1982, PATH performed
a successful experiment of running an EV at a frequency of 400 Hz for 50–100-mm air-gap distance with 60% efficiency . In
2009, Showa Aircraft Company in Japan developed the IPT system of 30-kW power for EVs at the 22-kHz frequency for an
approximate air gap of 14 cm with an overall efficiency of 92%.[8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18][19][20].

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LITERATURE SURVEY

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PROBLEM STATMENT
 Current technologies only allow electric vehicles to be charged through plug-in cable. However, the problem
occurs when the user needs to find the charging point and the charging cable is lost or damaged.
 This project is about designing a wireless power transfer for electric vehicles. It will prepare a new
convenient way to recharge the battery of the electric vehicles rather than using the traditional plug-in cable.
 With the implementation of wireless power transfer (WPT) in order to charge the electric vehicle, there is no
physical connection or contact between the vehicles and the power supply.
 The process is fully automated, whereby no human handling works are required to perform the charging
process. Even though wireless power transfer concept is well developed and has been applied in industrial
application, but its applications in the transport sector are still emerging.
 Furthermore, another serious problem occurred with current plug-in cable for electric vehicles is people tend
to get an electrical shock if the cable system is damaged.
 With wireless charging approach for electric vehicle can prevent this incident happen because no wire or
cable is required and it’s transfer in electromagnetic form, so that, people will not get electrical shock in this
kind of energy transfer.
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PROJECT OBJECTIVE
The objectives of this project is:
• To study and investigate on wireless power transfer.
• To design the wireless power transfer for electric vehicles by using the concept of inductive
resonance coupling method. To prove it, a prototype will be built.
• Batteries used in EVs should not be overcharged or over-discharged it will lead to damaging
the battery, shortening the battery life, and causing fire or explosions. So, to resolve these
issues battery management unit will be design, which will show the battery percentage &
auto cut the supply when battery get full charged or over discharged.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

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METHODOLOGY
 This block diagram consists of several blocks that make up the wireless power transfer
system.

 Starting from the primary side, electrical power from the mains supply is first rectified into a
DC voltage to maximize its real power using an AC/DC rectifier and a power factor
correction circuit (PFC).
 This DC signal is then input into a high-frequency inverter to be up-converted to the
operating frequency of interest. Compensation networks are then required to help operate the
inductive link in resonance conditions.

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METHODOLOGY
 On the secondary side, an AC–DC rectifier is utilized after the LCC compensation, in order to
convert the coupled AC power to DC power that can charge the EV battery. Between the rectifier
and the battery, a DC/DC converter may be used to aid in the output power control process.
 This magnetic field links to the secondary coil to produce high-frequency ac in the secondary coil
following Faraday's law. To improve efficiency, the secondary compensation network is used to
match the resonant condition. Finally, ac power is rectified by using a highly efficient rectifier to
charge the battery.
 Introduced a new inductive coupler having 97% efficiency at 8.3-kW output power with an air gap
of 3 mm at 100 kHz and proved that the distance between the transmitter and the receiver can be
increased to make the charging automatic.
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COMPONENTS
AC/DC CONVERTER

 DC to AC converters is mainly designed for changing a DC

power supply to an AC power supply. Here, DC power supply
is comparatively stable as well as positive voltage source
whereas AC oscillates approximately a 0V base stage,
typically in a sinusoidal or square or mode.

 The circuit diagram of 12V DC-to-220V AC converter can be

built with using simple transistors, and this circuit can be
employed for powering lamps up to 35Watts although they
can be designed for driving more influential loads by utilizing
more MOSFETs.

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COMPONENTS
DC/HF AC CONVERTER
Open Frame DC/AC Converters 1 Uitgang 5V - - - 200mA 85 ~ 305 VAC, 70 ~ 430 VDC
Input

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COMPONENTS
TEMPERATURE SENSOR
Low-cost Module.
Power Supply: 3.3~5.5V DC
Output: 4 pin single row
Measurement Range: Humidity 20-90%RH ， Temperature
0~50℃
Accuracy: Humidity +-5%RH ， Temperature +-2℃
Resolution: Humidity 1%RH ， Temperature 1℃
Interchangeability: Fully Interchangeable
Long-Term Stability: < ± 1% RH/year
Module Size:
Length: 28mm
Width: 13.5mm
Height: 7mm

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COMPONENTS
TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER COIL

A circular or rectangular type coil is used as the primary coil

with various secondary coils (such as circular types or double
sided types and single-sided Polarized coils with an
additional coil) for enhanced performance for high power
transfer. Circular coils have a benefit of a compact structure,
lower weight and lower electromagnetic field (EMF) but
limited by power transfer capacity and less lateral tolerance.
Hence, rectangular core plates have potentially higher
coupling factors and large lateral tolerances but has
advantages such as simple and convenient to develop.
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COMPONENTS
MOTOR

This DC electric motor drives super smooth, almost no noise,

safe to use. With high speed 3500/7000rpm for your choice and
large torque.
Rated power: 30W; Rated voltage(Optional): 12V, 24 V; Rated
speed: 3500RPM(12V),7000 RPM(24V); Current: 0.5 A;
Output Shaft Length: 26mm/1.02inch; Torque:1kgf.cm(12V),
2kgf.cm(24v).

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COMPONENTS
MOSFET of N-channel enhancement

RFP30N06LE 30A, 60V, ESD rated, avalanche rated,

0.047 Ohm, RDS(ON) = 0.047Ω,2KV ESD protected.
FET Type: MOSFET N-Channel, metal oxide; logic level
gate
Good stability and uniformity with high EAS.
Special process technology for high ESD capability.
Wide Application :power Switching application; hard
switched, high frequency circuits and uninterruptible
power supply.

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ADVANTAGES OF WIRELESS CHARGING IN E-
VEHICLES
• Wireless charging is a type of wireless power transfer based on electromagnetic induction
that provides electricity or charges a particular device without making electrical contact with
a plug.

• Promotes Durability of Devices and Accessories.

• Reduced Risk of Electrical Faults.
• Water Resistant and Dust Resistant Devices.

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REFERENCES
 L. Yvkoff, “Will DC fast charging harm electric car batteries?,” 2010. [Online]. Available: https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/will-dc-fast-charging-harm-electric-car-batteries/.

[Accessed: 15-05-2019].
“A Simple Guide to DC Fast Charging.” [Online]. Available: http://www.fleetcarma.com/dcfast-charging-guide/ . [Accessed: 15-05-2019].

M. Yilmaz and P. T. Krein, “Review of Charging Power Levels and Infrastructure for Plug-In Electric and Hybrid Vehicles and Commentary on Unidirectional Charging,” 2012

IEEE Int. Electr. Veh. Conf. IEVC 2012, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 2151–2169, 2012.
A. Khaligh and S. Dusmez, “Comprehensive topological analysis of conductive and inductive charging solutions for plug-in electric vehicles,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 61,

no. 8, pp. 3475–3489, 2012.

“J1772: SAE Electric Vehicle and Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge Coupler - SAE International.” [Online]. Available: http://standards.sae.org/j1772_201602/ .

[Accessed: 16-05-2019].
W. Li, “High efficiency wireless power transmission at low frequency using permanent magnet coupling,” thesis, master of applied science, University of British Columbia

(Vancouver). August, 2009.

 G. A. Covic, J. T. Boys, M. Budhia, and C. Huang, “Electric Vehicles – Personal transportation for the future,” vol. 4, pp. 693–704, 2010.

R. Bosshard and J. W. Kolar, “Multi-Objective Optimization of 50 kW/85 kHz IPT System for Public Transport,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 1370–

1382, Dec. 2016.

M. Budhia, G. Covic, and J. Boys, “A new IPT magnetic coupler for electric vehicle charging systems,” in IECON Proceedings (Industrial Electronics Conference), 2010, pp. 2487–

2492.
M. Budhia, J. T. Boys, G. A. Covic, and C. Y. Huang, “Development of a single-sided flux magnetic coupler for electric vehicle IPT charging systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,

vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 318–328, 2013. 23

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