St.

Joseph’s College of Engineering

Department of Chemical Engineering

CH8791 TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

B S Rathi
Assistant Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering
 Unit 3

Shell energy Boundary Temperature

balances, conditions, profiles,

Energy fluxes at
surfaces for
Average Nuclear viscous
different types of
temperature, and chemical,
heat sources such
as electrical,

Equations of Equation of motion

Equation of energy
change (non- for forced and free
(non-isothermal).
isothermal), convection,
+ Heat conduction with a nuclear heat source
Heat conduction with a nuclear heat source
+ Consider a nuclear fuel element of spherical form as shown in figure.
It consist of a sphere of fissionable material the radius R(F) surrounded
by a spherical shell of aluminum cladding with outer radius R(c). Inside
the fluid element friction fragments are produced which have very high
kinetics energy. Collision between these fragments and the atoms of
fissionable material provide the major source of thermal energy in the
reactor, such a volume source of thermal energy resulting from nuclear
fission is denoted here as, ‘Sn’ and given as,

 
2
S n  S no 1  b R (F)   (1)
 r
 
+ Sno is the volume rate of heat production at the centre of the
sphere
+ b – Dimensionless constant between 0 to 1

 net rate of thermal 

Rate of thermal  Rate of thermal   
 energy in 
  energy out    energy production   0  (2)
    
 inside the system 
 r b r3 
q(F)
r  Sn o   (F)2 .   (5)
3 R 5
@ r =R (F) , q (c)
r  q (F)
r

(F) C2
q r r  R( F )  (F)2
R
r r3  b C2
Sn o   (F)2 .   (F)2
3 R 5  r  R( F ) k

R b R  (F)2
(F) (F)3
Sn o   (F)2 .  R  C2 .
 3 R 5 
 R (F)3
b (F)3 
C 2  Sn o   R 
 3 5 
(F)3  1 b
C 2  Sn o R     (7)
3 5

(c) (F)3 1 b 1
q r  Sn o R 
 3 5  r 2
 (8)
 2 2
Sn o  R (F) b R (F) 
T(c) r R( F )  (F)   (F)2   C4
K  6 R 20 
2 2 2
Sn o R (F)  R (F)
R (F)
 Sn  R (F)
bR (F)

C 4  T0 
3K c
3
1 5b    r

 (C)   (F) 
R  K  6
o

20 
r  R
(F)2

(F)2 (F) (F)  (F)2 (F)2 

Sn R R R  Sn R bR
C 4  T0  o c
3K
 R

1  3 5 b  (F)  (C)   (F)o 
R  K  6

20 


(F)2 2 2
Sn o R  R (F)
 Sn  R (F)
bR (F)

C 4  T0 
3K c
 3 
1  5 b  1  (C)   (F) 
 R  K  6
o

20 
  (15)
 2 2 2

(F) Sn o  R (F) r 2 b r 4 R (F)  R (F) (F)

1  3 b  1  R 
T  (F)  (F)2  2  2   To  Sn o
 5   R (C) 
K R 6 R (F) 20 R (F)  3K (C)  
2
Sn o  R (F) b (F)2 6 
+ (F)  (F)  R  
K  K 20 6 
(F)2 (F)2
 1  3 b   1  R    (16)
 
(F)
Sn R 2
3 r R
T (F)
 To  o (F) 1  r R (F)  b  1  (F)   Sn o  5   (c)  
6K  10  R  3K (c)  R 

T(F)  Tmax @ r  0
sub in (16)
(F)2 (F)2
Sn o R  3b  Sn o R  3   R (F) 
Tmax  To  (F) 1   (c) 1  b  1  (c) 
6K  10  3K  5  R 
Heat conduction with an electrical heat source
+ Consider a electrical wire of radius R and length L, with electrical
conductivity Ke (-1 m-1) through which a current intensity Ie in
following in the given axial direction, during this flow of current
electricity some of the electrical energy is converted into thermal
energy through electrical dissipation. The net rate of heat
production per unit volume of wire is given by

I2
Se 
Ke
Assumptions made:
+ The outside temp of electrical wire is maintained at a uniform
constant temp T0.
+ The electrical conductivity Ke and thermal conductivity k are
assumed to be constant. The steady state shell energy balance
over a small shell of thickness r can be written as
  net rate of thermal 
Rate of thermal  Rate of thermal   
 energy in 
  energy out    energy production 0
    
 inside the system 
The rate of thermal energy
in across the cylindrical surface
surface through heat conduction = q r rr (2rL)
@r=r
[q r (2 rL)] rr
The rate of thermal energy
in across the cylindrical surface
surface through heat conduction = [q r (2rL)] r r r
@ r = r + r
The net rate of thermal
energy production inside the =energy production volume  volume
given system S e (2 rrL)
(2 rL)q r rr  (2 rL)q r rrr  Se(2 rrL)  0
2rL
rq r r=r  rq r r r r
 Ser  0
r

rq r r r  rq r r r r
Lt  Ser  0
r 0 r
 d
 (rq r )   S e r
dr

r2
rq r  Se  C1
2
r C1
q r  Se   (2)
2 r

B.C. (1) qr   @ r = 0. So C1 = 0

r
q r  Se  (3)
2
Fourier law of heat conduction in equation (3).
dT
q r  K  (4)
dr

dT r
K  Se
dr 2
dT Se
 r dr
dr 2k
 Se r 2
T  C2
2K 2
Se 2
T r  C 2  (5)
4K

B.C. (ii) r = R, T = T0

Se 2
T0   R  C2
4K
Se 2
C 2  To  R  (6)
4K
 Se 2 Se R 2
T r  To 
4K 4K
Se
= T0   r 2  R 2 
4K
Se
T  T0  R 2  r 2 
4K
Se 2 
 
2
T  T0  R 1  r R   (7)
4K  
Se 2 
 
2
T  T0  R 1 r R 
4K  
 2 R

  (T  T )r dr d
o Se  R 2 r 2 r 4 
R

 T  T0  0 0  2 
 
2 R 2KR  2 4
  r dr d
0 0 Se  R 4 R 
 2 
 
   r dr 2KR  2 4 
R
2 Se 2 2
= 2 
R 1 rR
R 0 4K Se  R 4 

2KR 2  4 
R
=
2 Se 2
2 
R 0 4K
R r  r 3 1
Rr dr 
SeR 4
R 
2 Se 2 8KR 2
= 2 (R r  Rr 3 )dr
R 0 4K

SeR 2
 T  T0   (9)
8K
Maximum average temp distribution:
B.C. (iii) T = Tmax @ r = 0

SeR 2
Tmax  To   (8)
4K
Heat conduction with a viscous heat source
+ Consider the flow of a Newtonian incompressible fluid between two co-axial
cylinders in which the outer one rotates with an angular velocity. As the
outer cylinder rotates, each cylindrical shell of fluids rubs against an adjacent
shell of fluids. Thin rubbing action of adjacent layers of fluid produces heat
(i.e.) the mechanical energy in steadily degraded into thermal energy in
volume heat source resulting from viscous dissipation in designated here as
Sv. The temperatures of inner of inner cylinder & outer cylinder maintain at
temp’s T = To & T = Tb respectively.
+ If the gap ‘b’ between the cylinders in very small with respect to the outer
cylinder radius ‘R’, then the system may be curvature effects are in figure in
which the curvature effects are neglected and the problem is simplified by
using cartesian co-ordinates.
+ The volume heat source for viscous heat dissipation is given

 dv z 
S v  xz    (1)
 dx 
+ W.K.T from Newton’s law of viscosity
dv z
xz    (2)
dx

 dv z 
Sv      (3)
 dx 
 dv x v
  (5) sub (5) in (3)
dx b
2
V
S v      (6)
b
 Rate of thermal 
Rate of thermal  Rate of thermal   

 energy in   energy out    energy production   0  (7)
    
 inside the system 
Heat transfer from a composite wall 
Heat Conduction in Cooling Fin
Heat conduction with Chemical Heat Source
+ Special case
 D
 .   .P  g   v  
Dt
`