Chapter 5 Synchronous Machines and FHP Machines

ECEG 4123
Electrical Machines
Chapter 5: Synchronous Machines & Fractional Horse Power Motors
Dr.M.Karthikeyan
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 1

Synchronous Machines
AC Machines
Synchronous Machines Asynchronous Machines

(Induction Machine)
Induction Induction
Synchronous Synchronous
Generator Motor
Generator Motor
Due to lack of a
A primary Used as motors as Most widely
separate field
source of well as power factor used electrical
excitation, these
electrical compensators motors in both
machines are
energy (synchronous domestic and
rarely used as
condensers) industrial
generators.
applications
Types of Synchronous Machines
According to the arrangement of the field and armature

windings, synchronous machines may be classified as
(a) Stationary Armature - Rotating Field (Above 5 kVA)
(b) Stationary Field – Rotating Armature (Below 5 kVA)

Advantages of stationary armature - rotating field:
i) The High Voltage ac winding and its insulation not
subjected to centrifugal forces.(11kV - 33 kV)
(BETTER INSULATION)
ii) Easier to collect large currents from a stationary
member.
iii)Rotating field makes overall construction simple.
iv)Problem of sparking at the slip ring can be avoided.
v) Ventilation arrangement for HV can be Improved.
vi)The LV(110 V – 220V) dc excitation easily supplied
through slip rings and brushes to the rotor field
winding.
vii) Noiseless running is possible.
viii)Air gap length is uniform
ix)Better mechanical
Presentedbalancing of rotor
by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 4
Construction Of Alternator
Stationary Armature - Rotating Field
An alternator has 3 phase winding on the stator and
DC field winding on the rotor.
STATOR
Stationary part of the machine.
It is built up of Sheet-Steel Lamination Core (Stampings) with slots
to hold the armature Conductor
Armature winding is connected in STAR

ROTOR:
There are two types of rotor
i) Salient Pole type {Projected Poles}
ii) Non - Salient Pole type {Non – Projected Poles}

Smooth Cylindrical Type

Salient Pole type {Projected Poles}
It is also called Projected Poles.
Poles are mounted on the larger
circular frame.
Made up of Thick Steel Laminations.
Field Winding are connected in series.
Ends of the field winding are connected
to the DC Supply through Slip Rings
Features
Large Diameter and short Axial Length.
Poles are Laminated to reduced
Eddy Current Losses
Employed for Low and Medium Speed

120 RMP to 500 RPM
(Diesel & Hydraulic Turbines)
This cannot be used for Large speed

DAMPER WINDING
Pole faces are provided with damper winding
Damper winding is useful in preventing Hunting
EMF generated will be sinusoidal
Copper Bar

II) NON SALIENT POLE TYPE
Smooth cylindrical rotor or TURBO ALTERNATOR
field winding used in high speed alternators driven by steam turbines .
Features
Smaller diameter and larger axial length compared to salient pole type machines, of
the same rating.
Less Windage loss.
Speed 1200 RPM to 3000 RPM.. Better Balancing..
Noiseless Operation
Flux distribution nearly sine wave
Frequency 50 Hz
Ns = 120 F / P
Poles 2 4 6
Speed 3000 1500 1000



ARMATURE WINDING
3 Phase alternator carry 3 sets of winding arranged in slots

Open circuited
6 terminals
Can be connected in Star or Delta
Armature Winding Classification

1. Single Layer and Double Layer Winding
2. Full Pitch and Short Pitch Winding
3. Concentrated and Distributed Winding

Single Layer and Double Layer Winding
Single- layer winding
• One coil-side occupies the total slot area
• Used only in small ac machines
Double- layer winding
• Coil-sides in two layers
• Double-layer winding is more common used

above about 5kW machines
The advantages of double-layer winding over single layer winding:

a. Easier to manufacture and lower cost of the coils
b. Fractional-slot winding can be used
c. Chorded-winding is possible
d. Lower-leakage reactance and therefore , better performance of the machine
e. Better emf waveform in case of generators

POLE – PITCH
It is the distance between the centres of pole
faces of two adjacent poles is called pole pitch.

Pole pitch = 180 Phase angle
COIL :
A coil consists of two coil sides.
Placed in two separate slots
SLOT PITCH:
It is the phase angle between two adjustment slots
COIL SPAN OR COIL PITCH

It is the distance between two coil sides of a coil

Full Pitch and Short Pitch Winding
Full Pitch Winding
If the coil span is equal to pole pitch then the winding is called Full Pitch Winding
Coil Span = Pole Pitch
e1 V e2 V
Short Pitch Winding
If the coil span is less than Pole

Pitch is called Short pitch
winding
e2 V

e1 V
Advantages of Short Chorded winding or Chorded Pitch Winding
1. Copper is saved
2. Mechanical strength of the coil is increased
3. Induced EMF in improved
Slot Angle : The angular displacement between any two

adjacent poles in electrical degree
Slot angle (β) = 180

(Number of slots / Pole)
CONCENTRATED AND DISTRIBUTED WINDING

PITCH FACTOR OR COIL SPAN FACTOR OR SHORT CHORDED FACTOR
Kp OR Kc
Pitch factor is defined as the ratio EMF induced in the Short

pitch winding to the EMF induced in the full pitch winding

Vector Sum EMF = AB

= AC + CB
Kp = AC + CB
AD + DB
B

C α/2 EV AD = BD
α/2 α
A
EV D EV
2E
Kp = Cos (α / 2)
DISTRIBUTION FACTOR OR BREATH FACTOR (Kd)
E in coil 1
β
β
E in coil 2
E in coil 3

B C
e2 β
r
x e1 e3
m(β/2)
A E D
β β β/2
β/2
r β
β/2 Vector Sum
mβ
O

Arithmetic Sum of EMF = AB + BC + CD

From Vector diagram AB = Ax + xB
= r Sin (β/2) + r Sin (β/2)
AB = 2 r Sin (β/2) AB = BC = CD = 2 r Sin (β/2)
Arithmetic Sum of EMF = 3 x (2 r Sin (β/2) )
If there are ‘m’ slots for distribution, then
Arithmetic Sum /phase of the EMF = m x (2 r Sin (β/2) )
Vector Sum of EMF AD = AE + ED
Vector Sum of EMF AE = ED = r Sin (mβ/2)
Vector Sum of EMF = 2r x (Sin (mβ/2))

Causes of Voltage drop in Alternator
Armature Effective Resistance (Reff )
Armature Leakage Reactance (XL )
Armature Reactance

Armature Leakage Reactance(XL)
Three major components -Slot leakage reactance, end winding leakage
reactance and tooth tip leakage reactance.
Synchronous reactance / phase
Xs = XL + Xa
where
Xa is the fictitious armature reaction reactance.
Synchronous impedance/phase
Zs = (Ra + jXs).
Armature Reaction

Effect of the armature flux on the main field flux.
Armature Reaction effect depends upon the PF of the Load
UPF - cross magnetizing.
Lag PF - demagnetizing.
Lead PF - magnetizing
UPF (Pure Resistive Load)
cross magnetizing
Main Flux Φf Armature Flux Φa
N S
Main Flux
Φf
Iaph
Φa
Eph
InducedPresented
EMF due to Main FluxAP/ECE,
by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, Φf WSU 31
Lagging PF (Purely Inductive Load)
Demagnetizing
Main Flux Φf Armature Flux Φa
N S
Armature Flux
Main Flux
Φa
Ia Φf
Load current
Lag the Voltage by
90
Main Flux
Decreases
DC excitation Eph
Induced
Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE,EMF
WSU due to Main Flux Φ
f
32
Lead PF (Purely Capacitive Load)
Magnetizing
Main Flux Φf
N S
Armature Flux Φa
Armature Flux
Main Flux
Φa
Φf
Load current Ia
Lead the Voltage by
90
Main Flux
Increases
DC excitation
Eph
Induced
Presented EMF due to Main
by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, Flux
WSU Φ
f
33
Voltage Regulation
Voltage Regulation of an alternator is defined as the change in
terminal voltage from NO load to full load divided by full-load
voltage.

% Voltage Regulation = E0 – V x 100

V
There are different methods available to determine the voltage
regulation of an alternator,
1.Direct loading method
2. Synchronous impedance method or E.M.F. method
3. Ampere-turns method or M.M.F. method
4. Zero power factor method or Potier triangle method
5. ASA modified from of M.M.F. method
Synchronizing and Parallel operation
Necessary Condition for Synchronization
The process of switching of an alternator to another alternator or
with a common Bus bar without any interruption is called
Synchronization
CONDITIONS FOR PARALLEL OPERATION
1. The terminal voltage of the incoming machine must be same

as that of bus bar Voltage.
2. The frequency of the generated voltage of the incoming
machine must be same as that of bus bar frequency.
3. The phase Sequence voltage of the incoming machine must be

same as that of bus bar.(R Y B).

Advantages of Parallel operation
Continuity of supply is possible when Breakdown or Shut down
for maintenance of alternator in generating station
Repair and Maintenance of individual machine can be carried out

one after the other without effecting the normal routine work
Depending upon the load requirement any number of alternator
can be operated and the remaining can be put off
It is economical and improves the efficiency of the generating
station
New alternator can be connected in parallel, when the demand
increases. This reduces the capital cost of the system.

Methods of Synchronization of alternator
Three Methods
1. Dark lamp method.

2. Bright Lamp Method
3. Synchroscope Method
Conditions Should Satisfy

1. Voltage
2. Frequency
3. Phase Sequence

Two Reaction Theory
Non Salient pole alternator Air gap is uniform
Uniform air gap Field flux and Armature flux vary sinusoidally
Air gap length is constant and reactance is also constant
Field MMF and Armature MMF act upon the
same magnetic circuit can be added vectorially
Salient pole alternator Air gap is NOT uniform

Air gap length is NOT constant and
Reactance is also NOT constant
Field flux and Armature flux cannot vary sinusoidally
MMF act are different

Two Reaction Theory
According to this theory Armature MMF can be divided into two components
1. Components acting along the pole axis is called Direct axis Id

2. Components acting at right angle to the pole axis is called Quadrature axis Iq
Components acting along Direct axis Id can be magnetizing or demagnetizing

Components acting along Quadrature axis Iq is Cross Magnetization
Direct Axis Id Direct Axis Id

Quadrature Axis Iq
Quadrature Axis Iq

Quadrature Axis Iq Direct Axis Id
Quadrature Axis Iq
Direct Axis Id Direct Axis Id
Quadrature Axis Iq
Quadrature Axis Iq
Direct Axis Id

The reluctance offered to the mmf is lowest when
it is aligned with the field pole flux. Direct axis d-axis
The reluctance offered to the mmf is highest when
it is 90 to the field pole flux. Quadrature axis q-axis
Ff mmf wave produced by field winding along Direct axis

Fractional Horse
Power Motors

Single Phase Induction Motor
• It is more convenient to use single phase ac motors instead of d.c. motors.
Practically single phase a.c. motors are used in most of the applications.
• Construction:
A single phase induction motor has two main parts namely stator (the one
which is stationary) and rotor (the one which is rotating).
The stator winding is connected across a single phase a.c. supply. The ac
supply produces a rotating magnetic field in the airgap between the stator
and rotor.
The field rotates at a speed called synchronous speed and it is denoted by Ns.
The induction motor actually rotates at a speed which is slightly less than the
synchronous speed.
As shown in fig.(1), the rotor consists of copper or aluminium bars which are
permanently short circuited at both the ends using the conducting rings called
end rings.

Fig.(1): construction of a squirrel cage rotor

• Principle of operation:
A single phase ac supply is connected to the stator winding. This forces an
alternating current through the stator winding. This current produces an
alternating flux in the air gap between stator and rotor.
The alternating flux passes over the rotor conductors and induces an emf
into it due to transformer action.
Due to this induced voltage, a current starts flowing through the rotor
conductors. This current will then produces its own flux called as rotor flux
The main flux produced by the stator winding interacts with the rotor flux
to produce the torque.

The rotor flux gets produced due to the principle of induction hence it is called as
induction motor.
But single phase induction motor are not self starting, like DC motors.
• Types of single phase induction motor:

Some of the methods used to make an induction motor self starting. Based on these
techniques, the single phase induction motor are classified as follows:
1. Split phase induction motor
2. Capacitor start induction motor
3. Capacitor start, capacitor run induction motor
4. Shaded pole induction motor.
Split Phase Induction Motor
• The construction of split phase induction motor is as shown in fig.(1).
• This motor consists of two winding namely the main winding and the
auxillary (starting) winding.
• The main winding is highly inductive while starting winding is

resistive.

•.
Fig.(1): Split Phase Type Induction Motor

• Principle of operation:
The current flowing through the main winding (I m) lags behind the
V by 900 since the main winding is highly inductive.
The current flowing through the starting winding (I st) is almost in
phase with the supply voltage V as this winding is resistive.
The fluxes produced due to these currents will be placed 90 0 with
respect each other. And the resultant of these fluxes will be a
rotating magnetic field. Due to the RMF a non-zero starting torque
acting in one direction will be produced.
The centrifugal switch connected in series with the starting
winding gets automatically open circuited when the motor speed
reaches about 70% to 80% of the synchronous speed.
After that the motor rotate only on the main winding. Thus under
the running condition the auxillary winding remains out of the
circuit. Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 50
The direction of rotation of split phase motor can be reversed by reversing the
terminals of either main winding or starting winding. The direction of rotation
changes due to the reversal in direction of rotating magnetic field.
• Applications:
The starting torque of this motor is poor. So it is used in following applications:
1. Fans and blowers
2. Washing machines
3. Centrifugal pumps
Capacitor Start Induction Motor
• The construction of this motor is as shown in fig.(1a).
• As shown in fig, the starting winding connected in series with the capacitor
draws a leading current while the main winding continues to draw the
lagging current.
• Due to this the fluxes produce a rotating magnetic field which result in the
rotation of the motor.
• The current (Im) through the main winding will lag behi9nd the source
voltage as the main winding is inductive. But the angle (I st) through the
starting winding leads the supply voltage by some angle due to the presence
of capacitor. Hence the angle between the fluxes produced by I m and Ist will
be large as shown in fig.(1b).

• Due to this large angle, the starting torque produced by the capacitor start
motor produces a larger starting torque as compared to that produced by
the split phase induction motor.
• As soon as the speed reaches 75% to 80% of the maximum speed, the
centrifugal switch is automatically open circuited and the starting winding
along with the capacitor goes out of the circuit.
• The induction motor will then be running only on the flux produced by the
main winding.
Fig.(1): Capacitor Start Motor

Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor
• Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor:
Fig.(2) shows the construction of capacitor start capacitor run motor. It
shows that there is no centrifugal switch, hence the capacitor will not go
out of the circuit at all.
The direction reversal for capacitor type motors can be achieved by
interchanging the connection of main and auxiliary windings.
This will interchange the fields produced by the two winding. The
interchanged phase shifted fields will reverse the direction of the motor.
The main advantage of these motors is the high starting torque that they
can produce. The starting torque can be as high as 300 to 400% of the
full load torque.

Fig.(2): Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor

• Applications:
Due to high starting torque, the capacitor start or capacitor start
capacitor run motors are used in the following applications:
1. Grinders
2. Compressors
3. Conveyers
4. Fans and air conditioners
5. Refrigerators

Shaded Pole Induction Motor
• Fig.(1), shows the construction of a shaded pole induction motor.
• Every stator pole is divided into two parts by keeping a small slit in the pole
face and the smaller portion is covered with a thick short circuited copper wire
called shading band.
• When stator winding carries current, the main pole produces a flux øm.
• This flux links with the shading band and this band cats as a shorted secondary
winding, stator winding being its primary. Circulating currents induced tn the
band produced another flux øs.
• At instant t1 current is increasing. The induced emf tries to oppose it. Thus flux ø s
opposes it and resultant flux is in unshaded part.
• At instant t2 current is almost constant. Induced emf and flux øs are negligible.
Resultant flux is almost at the center of the pole. Thus it has shifted its position.
• At instant t3 current is decreasing. The induced current and flux øs try to oppose this
decrease. Resultant flux lies in shaded part.
• This action continues and the resultant field rotates from unshaded part to shaded part.
Hence rotor also rotates in the same direction.
• The direction of rotation cannot be reversed unless position of shaded ring is changed
from one part of pole to another part.
• Such motor develops low starting torque and it has a low power
factor..
• Applications:
1. Table fans
2. Blowers
3. Washing machines
4. refrigerators

Fig.(1): shaded pole induction motor

Universal Motor
The motors which can be operated satisfactorily on ac as well dc supply
is universal motor.
• Types of universal motors:
1. Uncompensated type universal motor
2. Compensated universal motor
• Windings:
 There are three windings used namely armature, main field and
compensating winding.
 Out of which compensating winding is used only for the compensated
universal motor.
 All the windings are connected in series with each other since this is
basically a series motor.
Universal Motor
1. Uncompensated universal motor:
• The operating principle is same as that of dc series motor.
• Field winding produces flux. It is stationary winding. Armature is a
rotary winding.
• These motors produces high starting torque but their speed decreases
with increase in load. Their speed regulation is not very good.
• These motors having low capacity. Normally it is designed for two
pole structure.

Universal Motor
Fig.(1): Uncompensated Universal Motor

Universal Motor
2. Compensated universal motor:
• In this motor, main winding and compensating winding are distributed
over entire stator.
• Fig.(2) shows the schematic diagram of compensated universal motor.
• This type of motor is better for higher speeds.
• These motors are more expensive due to complicated construction.
Hence they are preferred for higher capacity loads.

Universal Motor
Fig.(2):compensated Universal Motor

Universal Motor
• Applications:
1. Washing machine
2. Mixers and grinders
3. Food processors
4. Small drilling machines
5. Vaccum cleaners
6. Sewing machine
7. Hair driers
8. Electric shavers
Universal Motor
• Specifications and ratings of a universal motor:
Sr. No. Specifications/rating Value
1. Type Compensated
2. Rated voltage 230 V
3. Number of phases 1
4. Power 0.5kW
5. Speed 5000 RPM

Chapter 5 Synchronous Machines and FHP Machines

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Chapter 5 Synchronous Machines and FHP Machines

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ECEG 4123

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 1

Synchronous Machines Asynchronous Machines

According to the arrangement of the field and armature

(a) Stationary Armature - Rotating Field (Above 5 kVA)

(b) Stationary Field – Rotating Armature (Below 5 kVA)

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 3

Armature winding is connected in STAR

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 5

i) Salient Pole type {Projected Poles}

ii) Non - Salient Pole type {Non – Projected Poles}

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 8

Employed for Low and Medium Speed

This cannot be used for Large speed

Damper winding is useful in preventing Hunting

EMF generated will be sinusoidal

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 10

Flux distribution nearly sine wave

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 12

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 16

3 Phase alternator carry 3 sets of winding arranged in slots

Can be connected in Star or Delta

Armature Winding Classification

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 17

• One coil-side occupies the total slot area

• Used only in small ac machines

Double- layer winding

• Coil-sides in two layers

• Double-layer winding is more common used

The advantages of double-layer winding over single layer winding:

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 18

Pole pitch = 180 Phase angle

COIL SPAN OR COIL PITCH

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 19

Full Pitch Winding

Coil Span = Pole Pitch

Short Pitch Winding

If the coil span is less than Pole

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 20

Slot Angle : The angular displacement between any two

Slot angle (β) = 180

CONCENTRATED AND DISTRIBUTED WINDING

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 21

Pitch factor is defined as the ratio EMF induced in the Short

Vector Sum EMF = AB

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 23

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 26

Arithmetic Sum of EMF = AB + BC + CD

Vector Sum of EMF = 2r x (Sin (mβ/2))

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 27

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 28

Armature Reaction effect depends upon the PF of the Load

% Voltage Regulation = E0 – V x 100

1. The terminal voltage of the incoming machine must be same

3. The phase Sequence voltage of the incoming machine must be

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 35

Repair and Maintenance of individual machine can be carried out

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 36

1. Dark lamp method.

Conditions Should Satisfy

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 37

Salient pole alternator Air gap is NOT uniform

MMF act are different