CLIMATOLOGY

COMPOSITE CLIMATE

SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY:

AR. KANEEZ AIEMA RIZVI SHRUTI JAISWAL
COMPOSITE CLIMATE

THE COMPOSITE ZONE COVERS THE

CENTRAL PART OF INDIA. SOME CITIES THAT
EXPERIENCE THIS TYPE OF CLIMATE ARE
NEW DELHI, KANPUR AND ALLAHABAD. A
VARIABLE LANDSCAPE AND SEASONAL
VEGETATION CHARACTERIZE THIS ZONE. THE
INTENSITY OF SOLAR RADIATION IS VERY
HIGH IN SUMMER WITH DIFFUSE RADIATION
AMOUNTING TO A SMALL FRACTION OF THE
TOTAL. IN MONSOONS, THE INTENSITY IS
LOW WITH PREDOMINANTLY DIFFUSE
RADIATION.
 INTRODUCTION

THE COMPOSITE ZONE COVERS THE CENTRAL PART OF INDIA. COMPOSITE CLIMATE DISPLAYS
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF HOT & DRY, WARM & HUMID AS WELL AS COLD CLIMATES. DESIGN
HERE ARE GUIDED BY LONGER PREVAILING CLIMATIC CONDITIONS . THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
CHANGE FROM SEASON TO SEASON ALTERNATING BETWEEN LONG HOT, DRY PERIODS TO
SHORTER PERIODS OF CONCENTRATED RAINFALL & HIGH HUMIDITY. INDIA BEING A TROPICAL
COUNTRY, MOST OF DESIGN DECISIONS WOULD PERTAIN TO COOLING. EXAMPLES: THE GENERAL
RECOMMENDATIONS OF HOT & DRY CLIMATES WOULD BE APPLICABLE FOR NEW DELHI FOR MOST
OF THE YEAR EXCEPT MONSOON WHERE VENTILATION IS ESSENTIAL.
EXAMPLE: KANPUR, ALLAHABAD.
REPRESENTS THE
REGIONS HAVING
COMPOSITE CLIMATE
NATURE OF THE CLIMATE
IN SUMMER:

● DAY TIME TEMPERATURE IS 32-45 DEGREE CELSIUS.

● IN NIGHT TIME 27- 32 DEGREE CELSIUS.

IN WINTER:

● DAY TIME TEMPERATURE IS 10-25 DEGREE CELSIUS.

● IN NIGHT TIME 4 - 10 DEGREE CELSIUS.
● RECEIVES STRONG MONSOON WINDS FROM SOUTH-EAST & NORTH-EAST.
 TEMPERATURE

THE MAXIMUM DAYTIME TEMPERATURE IN SUMMERS IS IN THE RANGE OF

32 – 43 O C, AND NIGHT TIME VALUES ARE FROM 27 TO 32 O C. IN WINTER,
THE VALUES ARE BETWEEN 10 TO 25 O C DURING THE DAY AND 4 TO 10 O C
AT NIGHT.
 WEATHER
• WINTER SEASON - NOVEMBER TO FEBRUARY

• SUMMER SEASON - MARCH, APRIL AND MAY

• SOUTH-WEST MONSOON - JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER

• SUMMER (MARCH–JUNE) : HOT & DRY (TEMPERATURES RISE TO 45°C, SOMETIMES 47-48°C); LOW
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (20%); DUST LADEN WINDS.

• MONSOON (JUNE–SEPTEMBER) : 85% OF AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL OF 990MM. FALL IN

TEMPERATURE 40-45° ON RAINY DAYS.

• WINTER (OCTOBER–FEBRUARY) : COLD (TEMPERATURES DROP TO 3-4°C, SOMETIMES BELOW -

1°C); CLEAR SKIES; FOGGY CONDITIONS IN SOME TRACTS.
 WIND
THIS REGION RECEIVES STRONG WINDS DURING MONSOONS FROM THE SOUTH-EAST
AND DRY COLD WINDS FROM THE NORTH-EAST. IN SUMMER, THE WINDS ARE HOT AND
DUSTY. THE SKY IS OVERCAST AND DULL IN THE MONSOON, CLEAR IN WINTER AND
FREQUENTLY HAZY IN SUMMER.
 HUMIDITY
THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY IS ABOUT 20 – 25 % IN DRY PERIODS AND 55 – 95 % IN WET PERIODS.
THE PRESENCE OF HIGH HUMIDITY DURING MONSOON MONTHS IS ONE OF THE REASONS WHY
PLACES LIKE NEW DELHI AND NAGPUR ARE GROUPED UNDER THE COMPOSITE AND NOT HOT AND
DRY CLIMATE.

GENERALLY, COMPOSITE REGIONS EXPERIENCE HIGHER HUMIDITY LEVELS DURING MONSOONS

THAN HOT AND DRY ZONES. OTHERWISE MOST OF THEIR CHARACTERISTICS ARE SIMILAR TO THE
LATTER. THUS, THE DESIGN CRITERIA ARE MORE OR LESS THE SAME AS FOR HOT AND DRY
CLIMATE EXCEPT THAT MAXIMIZING CROSS VENTILATION IS DESIRABLE IN THE MONSOON
PERIOD.
 PRECIPITATION

PRECIPITATION IN THIS ZONE VARIES BETWEEN 500 –

1300 MM PER YEAR.
 TOPOGRAPHY
THE HIMALAYAS BORDER THE STATE ON THE NORTH BUT THE PLAINS THAT COVER MOST OF THE STATE ARE
DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT FROM THOSE HIGH MOUNTAINS. THE LARGER GANGETIC PLAIN REGION IS IN THE NORTH, IT
INCLUDES THE GANGES YAMUNA DOUB. THE GHAGHRA PLAINS THE GANGES PLAINS AND THE TERAS THE SMALLER
VINDHYA RANGE AND PLATEAU REGION IS IN THE SOUTH IT IS CHARACTERISED BY HARD ROCK STRATA AND A VANED
TOPOGRAPHY OF HILLS PLAINS VALLEYS AND PLATEAUS THE BHABHAR TRACT GIVES PLACE TO THE TERAL AREA
WHICH IS COVERED WITH TALL ELEPHANT GRASS AND THICK FORESTS INTERSPERSED WITH MARSHES AND SWAMPS
THE SLUGGISH RIVERS OF THE BHABHAR DEEPEN IN THIS AREA THEIR COURSE RUNNING THROUGH A TANGLED
MASS OF THICK UNDERGROWTH THE TERAR RUNS PARALLEL TO THE BHABHAR IN A THIN STRIP THE ENTIRE
ALLUVIAL PLAIN IS DIVIDED INTO THREE SUB-REGIONS. THE FIRST IN THE EASTERN TRACT CONSISTING OF 14
DISTRICTS WHICH ARE SUBJECT TO PERIODICAL FLOODS AND DROUGHTS AND HAVE BEEN CLASSIFIED AS SCARCITY
AREAS. THESE DISTRICTS HAVE THE HIGHEST DENSITY OF POPULATION WHICH GIVES THE LOWEST PER CAPITA LAND
THE OTHER TWO REGIONS THE CENTRAL AND THE WESTERN ARE COMPARATIVELY BETTER WITH A WELL-
DEVELOPED MIGRATION SYSTEM THEY SUFFER FROM WATERLOGGING AND LARGE-SCALE USER TRACTS IN ADDITION
THE AREA IS FAIRLY ARID. THE STATE HAS MORE THAN 32 LARGE AND SMALL RIVERS OF THEM THE GANGES YAMUNA
SARASWATI SARAYU BETWA AND GHAGHRA ARE LARGER.
 TYPE OF SOIL

MUCH OF THE AREA IS COVERED BY A DEEP LAYER OF ALLUVIUM SPREAD BY THE SLOW-MOVING
RIVERS OF THE GANGES SYSTEM. THOSE EXTREMELY FERTILE ALLUVIAL SOILS RANGE FROM
SANDY TO CLAYEY LOAM. THE SOILS IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE STATE ARE GENERALLY

MIXED RED AND BLACK OR RED-TO-YELLOW .

 VEGETATION

PLANTING DECIDUOUS TREES ON THE SOUTHERN SIDE OF A BUILDING IS BENEFICIAL IN A

COMPOSITE CLIMATE. DECIDUOUS PLANTS SUCH AS MULBERRY OR CHAMPA CUT OFF
DIRECT SUN DURING SUMMER, AND AS THESE TREES SHED LEAVES IN WINTER, THEY ALLOW
THE SUN TO HEAT THE BUILDING IN WINTER WHICH IS SUITABLE IN COMPOSITE
CLIMATE.THE VARIOUS VARIETIES OF ROSEWOOD, NEEM, CASSIA, GULMOHAR, JAKRANDA,
CIRRUS, KANJI, MANGO, CHITWAN, BANYAN, PIPAL, FICUS, MULSRI, BAUHINIA, KADAMB,
TAMARIND, BEL AND MAHUA ARE BEING PLANTED IN THE STATE AS PER SOIL AND CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS. THE STATE GOVERNMENT IS EMPHASIZING ON MORE AND MORE PLANTATION
OF LARGE AND CONVENTIONAL TREES.
 WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF CLIMATE IN
ARCHITECTURE?

CLIMATE PLAYS A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE IN ARCHITECTURAL AND BUILDING FORMS.

THE COMPARISON OF CLIMATIC DATA AND THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THERMAL
COMFORT PROVIDES THE BASIS FOR THE SELECTION OF BUILDING FORM AND BUILDING
ELEMENTS APPROPRIATE FOR THE CLIMATE SO AS TO CREATE NECESSARY INTERNAL
COMFORT.
 CLIMATE OF PRAYAGRAJ

PRAYAGRAJ FEATURES THE TYPICAL VERSION OF A HUMID SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE THAT IS

COMMON TO CITIES IN NORTH-CENTRAL INDIA. PRAYAGRAJ EXPERIENCES THREE SEASONS:
HOT DRY SUMMER, COOL DRY WINTER AND WARM HUMID MONSOON. THE SUMMER SEASON
LASTS FROM APRIL TO JUNE WITH THE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES RANGING FROM 40 °C (104
°F) TO 45 °C (113 °F). MONSOON BEGINS IN EARLY JULY AND LASTS TILL SEPTEMBER. THE
WINTER SEASON LASTS FROM DECEMBER TO FEBRUARY.
 OVERVIEW SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION

SUMMER: WINTER : RAINY: AUTUMN: ANNUAL

PRECIPITATION:
HOTTEST COLDEST WINDIEST
WETTEST 632.5 MM (PER
MONTH- MAY MONTH- MONTH- JUNE
MONTH - JULY YEAR)
(34 °C AVG) JANUARY (16 (5 KM/H AVG)
(189.6 MM
°C AVG)
AVG)
 PLANTATION AND CROPS

THESE INCLUDE FOUR BANYAN TREES, SEVEN PIPAL TREES AND ONE EACH OF
SAMEL (BOMBAX CEIBA OR SILK COTTON TREE) AND KAREEL. THIS KAREEL TREE
IS ALSO FAMOUS AS KAREEL BABA STHAN

THE DISTRICT PRAYAGRAJ IS MAINLY A AGRICULTURAL DISTRICT IN WHICH THE

MAIN CROPS ARE WHEAT AND RICE. SOME AREA IS CULTIVATED UNDER PULSES
ALSO, LIKE ARHAR, URAD AND CHANA. THE PRINCIPAL SOURCES OF IRRIGATION
ARE CANALS AND TUBEWELLS.
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE/ MONTH HOURS OF SUNSHINE / MONTH
WEATHER AVERAGE PER MONTH
 SOIL

● CLAY LOAM TO SANDY LOAM TYPE OF SOIL IN PRAYAGRAJ DUE TO THE RIVERS THAT
FLOW IN THIS REGION I.E., GANGA AND YAMUNA.
THANKYOU !