AUXILIARY STRUCTURES

PREPARED BY:
DARWIN L. VILLAMOR

SCE 105│Prof Course 5 – Structural Design of Towers and Other Structures

 KEY TOPICS
 INTRODUCTION

 Intro To Wind Load Calculations

 Design Of Steel And RCC Chimneys

 Bunkers And Silos

 Flat And Conical Bottoms

 SUMMARY

 REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION
Auxiliary building structures refers to any building structures within a
plot on which a main building stands, other than a delimiting wall or
fence, which is ancillary or subordinate to the main building and which
is used in connection with the main building but does not constitute a
separate tenement. Some examples of auxiliary building structures are
garage, storage building, sheds, carports, etc.
Wind Load Calculations
Buildings and their components are to be designed to withstand the
code-specified wind loads. Calculating wind loads is important in design
of the wind force-resisting system, including structural members,
components, and cladding, against shear, sliding, overturning, and uplift
actions.
Wind Load Calculation Procedures
The design wind loads for buildings and other structures shall be
determined according to one of the following procedures:
(1) Method 1 – Simplified procedure for low-rise simple diaphragm
buildings.
(2) Method 2 – Analytical procedure for regular shaped building and
structures.
Method 1 – Simplified Procedure
The simplified procedure is used for determining and applying wind
pressures in the design of simple diaphragm buildings with flat, gabled,
and hipped roofs and having a mean roof height not exceeding the least
horizontal dimension or 60 feet (18.3 m), whichever is less, and subject
to additional limitations.
Following are the steps of the simplified procedure:
1. Determined the basic wind speed, V, in accordance with ASCE 7 Figure 6-1
or IBC Figure 1609, assuming the wind can come from any direction. ASCE 7
6.5.4 includes some provisions for the special wind regions indicated, near
mountainous terrain, and near gorges.
2. Determine the importance factor, I, in accordance with ASCE 7 Table 6-1 &
Table 1- 1, or with IBC Table 1604.5.
3. Determine the exposure category in accordance with ASCE 7 Section 6.5.6
or IBC Section 1609.4.
4. Determine the height and exposure adjustment coefficient, λ, from ASCE 7
Figure 6- 2 or IBC Table 1609.6.2.1.
5. Determine S 30 pS30, the simplified wind pressure for exposure B, at h=30
ft, for I=1.0, from ASCE 7 Figure 6-2 or IBC Table 1609.6.2.1.
 Simplified design wind pressures, Ps, for the main wind force resisting systems of
low-rise simple diaphragm buildings is determined by the following equation:

where Ps represents the net pressure (sum of internal and external) to be applied to
the horizontal and vertical projections of building surfaces. For the horizontal
pressures, Ps is the combination of the windward and leeward net pressures.
Method 2 – Analytical Procedure
Wind loads for buildings and structures that do not satisfy the conditions for using
the simplified procedure can be calculated using the analytical procedure provided
that it is a regular shaped building or structure, and it does not have response
characteristics making it subject to across-wind loading, vortex shedding, instability
due to galloping or flutter, or does not have a site location that require special
consideration.
The steps of analytical procedure, described in ASCE 7 Section 6.5.3 only, are as follows:
Design of Steel and RCC Chimneys
Design of RCC Chimneys
1.) Working Stress Method: Chimney is designed according to IS: 4998 and following steps are
followed:
i. Determine eccentricity (e) = M/W
ii. Determine (eccentricity/radius) at section
iii. Assume the p (percentage of steel at section) at the section under consideration
iv. Select the value of m (modular ratio) for concrete grade to be used
v. Determine α (position of neutral axis)
vi. Determine compressive stresses for different values of α and β (β = constant depends on openings
in chimneys) in concrete and steel
vii. Calculate temperature stresses in steel and concrete
viii. Calculate stresses in steel and concrete due to wind induced moment. And check combined
stresses.
 Design of RCC Chimneys
2.) Limit State Method for Collapse: Following steps are followed:
i. Calculate the W/fck D2 and M / fck D3.
ii. Calculate ratio d/D and D’/D
iii. Where, d=inner diameter of concrete shell
iv. D=outer diameter of concrete shell
v. D’=D - concrete cover
vi. Refer the suitable Pu-Mu Interaction curves
vii. From selected interaction curve take appropriate value of p/fck
viii. Calculate p percentage of steel required at section for the value of fck used.
 Design of Steel Chimneys
i. The steel chimneys are designed and constructed conforming to code of practice for design and
construction of steel chimneys, IS:6533 – 1989.
ii. The base of the chimney may be made bell-mouthed or conical. The fabrication of bell-mouthed base is
costly and does not have any advantage over conical base. Therefore, the conical base is provided.
iii. The recommended height of flared portion of steel chimney is equal to one-third the height of the
chimney.
iv. The bottom diameter (d1) of the flared portion shall not be less than one and a quarter times the
diameter of stack.
v. Steel chimney are kept at least 5m taller in height than the tallest building within an area of 150m radius.
vi. The thickness of the steel plate in the flared portion should not be less than the thickness at the lowest
section of the cylindrical portion.
vii. For ease in construction, the upper diameter of plates forming the side of chimney is kept less than the
lower diameter. Each course fits telescopic over the lower course.
viii. Maximum deflection of steel chimney shall be limited to 1/200 of the unsupported length. 2/24/20165.
Bunkers and Silos
Bunkers are large size shallow bins to store grains, coal and cement. In bunkers, the plane of
rupture intersects the free surface of the stored material. Generally, steel bunkers are used to
store coal at power plants and loco-running sheds. Generally, these are square or rectangular
shaped.
Silos are the deep bins for storage. They are circular in shape. The plane of rupture intersects
the opposite side of the container.
Design of Bunkers
Design of Bunkers
Design of Silos
Flat and Conical Bottoms
Flat Bottom Silo
The flat bottom silo has a flat service which means it can gives a full
support to the silo. The floor design of the steel silo is decided by the
material that stored in the silo. In flat bottom silos, air slides can be bolted
onto the plinths cast into the floor or bolted directly to the silo floor. The
flat bottom silo is suitable for cement storage, fly ash storage and other
materials that requires fluidity system. The flat bottom silo is the most
popular and cost effective silo because of it’s wild application. The flat
bottom silo can be designed to meet the requirements of our customers. As
for grain storage silo, it needs to accept loads from mixing, condition and
unloading equipments, equipment floors will be added to the steel silo
plans.
 Conical Bottom Silo
Conical bottom metal silo is also called hopper bottom silo, it has
named according the shape of their bottom. Cone bottom silo is always
designed to store specific material such as sand, salt and other material.
They are used for temporary material storage not for long term storage.
So the size and quantity of the cone bottom silo is always smaller than
the flat bottom silo. They are raised on structural steel supports to permit
access underneath, making loading materials for transport easier. The
conical hopper attached to the bottom of these silos allows for an easy,
metered unloading, provided the material in the silo corresponds to the
silo design. Metal silos with conical bottoms must be precisely
engineered for the material they are meant to store if flow is to be
properly controlled.
 SUMMARY
- Auxiliary building structures refers to any building structures within a plot on which a main
building stands. Some examples of auxiliary building structures are garage, storage building,
sheds, and carports.
- The design wind loads for buildings and other structures shall be determined according to one
of the following procedures: (1) Method 1 – Simplified procedure for low-rise simple diaphragm
buildings. (2) Method 2 – Analytical procedure for regular shaped building and structures.
- The simplified procedure is used for determining and applying wind pressures in the design of
simple diaphragm buildings with flat, gabled, and hipped roofs and having a mean roof height
not exceeding the least horizontal dimension or 60 feet (18.3 m), whichever is less, and subject
to additional limitations.
- Wind loads for buildings and structures that do not satisfy the conditions for using the
simplified procedure can be calculated using the analytical procedure provided that it is a regular
shaped building or structure, and it does not have response characteristics making it subject to
across-wind loading, vortex shedding, instability due to galloping or flutter, or does not have a
site location that require special consideration.
 SUMMARY
- There are two methods of RCC design for chimneys: (1) Working Stress Method, (2) Limit
State Method for Collapse.
- Bunkers are large size shallow bins to store grains, coal and cement. In bunkers, the plane of
rupture intersects the free surface of the stored material. Generally, steel bunkers are used to
store coal at power plants and loco-running sheds. Generally, these are square or rectangular
shaped.
- Silos are the deep bins for storage. They are circular in shape. The plane of rupture intersects
the opposite side of the container.
- The flat bottom silo has a flat service which means it can gives a full support to the silo. The
floor design of the steel silo is decided by the material that stored in the silo. In flat bottom
silos, air slides can be bolted onto the plinths cast into the floor or bolted directly to the silo
floor.
- Conical bottom metal silo is also called hopper bottom silo, it has named according the shape
of their bottom. Cone bottom silo is always designed to store specific material such as sand, salt
and other material. They are used for temporary material storage not for long term storage.
 REFERENCES
- Retrieve from https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/auxiliary-building-or-structure
- Retrieve from https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/1-051-structural-engineering-design-fall-
2003/294abc6a0aa95fe569eda2a9436c51db_rec1wind_eqloads.pdf
- Retrieve from https://pdfcoffee.com/unit-13-bunkers-and-silos-pdf-free.html
- Retrieve from https://ijritcc.org/download/conferences/ICMTEST_ 2016/ICMTEST_
2016_Track/1462173856_02-05-2016.pdf
- Retrieve from http://www.silobuilder.com/news/comparison-between-flat-bottom-silo-
and-hopper-bottom-silo.html
- Retrieve from http://www.silobuilder.com/news/introduction-about-different-silos.html