Mobile Communications Unit 4: Support For Mobility: File Systems Data Bases WWW and Mobility I-Mode & Co

Mobile Communications Unit 4:
Support for Mobility

 File systems
 Data bases
 WWW and Mobility
 WAP (Wireless Application Protocol), i-mode &
Co.
File systems - Motivation
Goal
 efficient and transparent access to shared files within a mobile environment
while maintaining data consistency
Problems
 limited resources of mobile computers (memory, CPU, ...)
 low bandwidth, variable bandwidth, temporary disconnection
 high heterogeneity of hardware and software components (no standard PC
architecture)
 wireless network resources and mobile computer are not very reliable
 standard file systems (e.g., NFS, network file system) are very inefficient,
almost unusable
Solutions
 replication of data (copying, cloning, caching)
 data collection in advance (hoarding, pre-fetching)
File systems - consistency problems
THE big problem of distributed, loosely coupled systems

 are all views on data the same?
 how and when should changes be propagated to what users?
Weak consistency
 many algorithms offering strong consistency (e.g., via atomic updates)
cannot be used in mobile environments
 invalidation of data located in caches through a server is very problematic if
the mobile computer is currently not connected to the network
 occasional inconsistencies have to be tolerated, but conflict resolution
strategies must be applied afterwards to reach consistency again
Conflict detection
 content independent: version numbering, time-stamps
 content dependent: dependency graphs
File systems for limited connectivity I
Symmetry
 Client/Server or Peer-to-Peer relations
 support in the fixed network and/or mobile computers
 one file system or several file systems
 one namespace for files or several namespaces
Transparency
 hide the mobility support, applications on mobile computers should not
notice the mobility
 user should not notice additional mechanisms needed
Consistency model
 optimistic or pessimistic
Caching and Pre-fetching
 single files, directories, subtrees, partitions, ...
 permanent or only at certain points in time
File systems for limited connectivity II
Data management
 management of buffered data and copies of data
 request for updates, validity of data
 detection of changes in data
Conflict solving
 application specific or general
 errors
Several experimental systems exist

 Coda (Carnegie Mellon University), Little Work (University of Michigan),
Ficus (UCLA) etc.
Many systems use ideas from distributed file systems such as, e.g., AFS
(Andrew File System)
File systems - Coda I
Application transparent extensions of client and server

 changes in the cache manager of a client
 applications use cache replicates of files
 extensive, transparent collection of data in advance for possible future use
(„Hoarding“)
Consistency
 system keeps a record of changes in files and compares files after
reconnection
 if different users have changed the same file a manual reintegration of the
file into the system is necessary
 optimistic approach, coarse grained (file size)
mobile client
application cache server

File systems - Coda II
States of a client
Hoarding
 user can pre-determine a file list with
priorities
 contents of the cache determined by hoarding
strong
the list and LRU strategy (Last
connection
Recently Used) weak
 explicit pre-fetching possible disconnection connection
 periodic updating write
Comparison of files disconnected
connection
 asynchronous, background
 system weighs speed of updating
disconnection
against minimization of network
traffic emulating
Cache misses
 modeling of user patience: how long
can a user wait for data without an
error message?
 function of file size and bandwidth
File systems - Little Work
 Only changes in the cache manager of the client

 Connection modes and use
Connected Partially Fetch only Disconnected

Connected
Method normal delayed write optimistic abort at cache
to the server replication of files miss
Network continuous continuous connection on none
requirements high bandwidth demand
bandwidth
Application office, WLAN packet radio cellular systems independent
(e.g., GSM) with
costs per call
File systems - further examples
Mazer/Tardo
 file synchronization layer between application and local file system
 caching of complete subdirectories from the server
 “Redirector” responses to requests locally if necessary, via the
network if possible
 periodic consistency checks with bi-directional updating
Ficus
 not a client/server approach
 optimistic approach based on replicates, detection of write conflicts,
conflict resolution
 use of „gossip“ protocols: a mobile computer does not necessarily
need to have direct connection to a server, with the help of other
mobile computers updates can be propagated through the network
MIo-NFS (Mobile Integration of NFS)
 NFS extension, pessimistic approach, only token holder can write
 connected/loosely connected/disconnected
Database systems in mobile environments
Request processing
 power conserving, location dependent, cost efficient
 example: find the fastest way to a hospital
Replication management
 similar to file systems
Location management
 tracking of mobile users to provide replicated or location dependent
data in time at the right place (minimize access delays)
 example: with the help of the HLR (Home Location Register) in
GSM a mobile user can find a local towing service
Transaction processing
 “mobile” transactions can not necessarily rely on the same models
as transactions over fixed networks (ACID: atomicity, consistency,
isolation, durability)
 therefore models for “weak” transaction
World Wide Web and mobility
Protocol (HTTP, Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and language

(HTML, Hypertext Markup Language) of the Web have not been
designed for mobile applications and mobile devices, thus
creating many problems!
Typical transfer sizes
 HTTP request: 100-350 byte
 responses avg. <10 kbyte, header 160 byte, GIF 4.1kByte, JPEG
12.8 kbyte, HTML 5.6 kbyte
 but also many large files that cannot be ignored
The Web is no file system

 Web pages are not simple files to download
 static and dynamic content, interaction with servers via forms,
content transformation, push technologies etc.
 many hyperlinks, automatic loading and reloading, redirecting
 a single click might have big consequences!
WWW example
Request to port 80: GET / HTTP/1.0
or: GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: www.inf.fu-berlin.de
Response from server
HTTP/1.1 200 OK non persistent
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2002 19:44:26 GMT
Server: Apache/1.3.12 (Unix) mod_perl/1.24
Last-Modified: Wed, 30 Oct 2002 13:16:31 GMT
ETag: "2d8190-2322-3dbfdbaf"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 8994
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html
<DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">

<html>
<head>
<title>FU-Berlin: Institut für Informatik</TITLE>
<base href="http://www.inf.fu-berlin.de">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
href="http://www.inf.fu-berlin.de/styles/homepage.css">


</head>
<body onResize="self.location.reload();">
...
HTTP 1.0 and mobility I
Characteristics
 stateless, client/server, request/response
 needs a connection oriented protocol (TCP), one connection per
request (some enhancements in HTTP 1.1)
 primitive caching and security
Problems
 designed for large bandwidth (compared to wireless access) and
low delay
 big and redundant protocol headers (readable for humans,
stateless, therefore big headers in ASCII)
 uncompressed content transfer
 using TCP
 huge overhead per request (3-way-handshake) compared with the
content, e.g., of a GET request
 slow-start problematic
 DNS lookup by client causes additional traffic
HTTP 1.0 and mobility II
Caching
 quite often disabled by information providers to be able to create user
profiles, usage statistics etc.
 dynamic objects cannot be cached
 numerous counters, time, date, personalization, ...
 mobility quite often inhibits caches
 security problems
 how to use SSL/TLS together with proxies?
 today: many user customized pages, dynamically generated on request via
CGI, ASP, ...
POSTing (i.e., sending to a server)

 can typically not be buffered, very problematic if currently disconnected
Many unsolved problems!

HTML and mobile devices
HTML
 designed for computers with “high” performance, color high-
resolution display, mouse, hard disk
 typically, web pages optimized for design, not for communication
Mobile devices
 often only small, low-resolution displays, very limited input
interfaces (small touch-pads, soft-keyboards)
Additional “features”
 animated GIF, Java AWT, Frames, ActiveX Controls, Shockwave,
movie clips, audio, ...
 many web pages assume true color, multimedia support, high-
resolution and many plug-ins
Web pages ignore the heterogeneity of end-systems!

 e.g., without additional mechanisms, large high-resolution pictures
would be transferred to a mobile phone with a low-resolution
display causing high costs
Approaches toward WWW for mobile devices
Application gateways, enhanced servers
 simple clients, pre-calculations in the fixed network
 compression, filtering, content extraction
 automatic adaptation to network characteristics
Examples
 picture scaling, color reduction, transformation of the document
format (e.g., PS to TXT)
 detail studies, clipping, zoom
 headline extraction, automatic abstract generation
 HDML (handheld device markup language): simple language
similar to HTML requiring a special browser
 HDTP (handheld device transport protocol): transport protocol for
HDML, developed by Unwired Planet
Problems
 proprietary approaches, require special enhancements for browsers
 heterogeneous devices make approaches more complicated
Some new issues that might help mobility?
 Push technology
 real pushing, not a client pull needed, channels etc.
 HTTP/1.1
 client/server use the same connection for several request/response
transactions
 multiple requests at beginning of session, several responses in
same order
 enhanced caching of responses (useful if equivalent responses!)
 semantic transparency not always achievable: disconnected,
performance, availability -> most up-to-date version...
 several more tags and options for controlling caching
(public/private, max-age, no-cache etc.)
 relaxing of transparency on app. request or with warning to user
 encoding/compression mechanism, integrity check, security of
proxies, authentication, authorization...
 Cookies: well..., stateful sessions, not really integrated...
System support for WWW in a mobile world I
Enhanced browsers mobile client

 Pre-fetching, caching, off-line use integrated
enhancement
 e.g. Internet Explorer
browser
web
server
Additional, accompanying application
 Pre-fetching, caching, off-line use mobile client
 e.g. original WebWhacker
browser
additional
application
web
server
System support for WWW in a mobile world II
Client Proxy mobile client

 Pre-fetching, caching, off-line use
 e.g., Caubweb, TeleWeb, Weblicator,
browser
client
WebWhacker, WebEx, WebMirror, proxy
...
web
server
Network Proxy
mobile client
 adaptive content transformation
for bad connections, pre-fetching,
caching browser
 e.g., TranSend, Digestor
network
proxy
web
server
System support for WWW in a mobile world III
Client and network proxy mobile client

 combination of benefits plus client
simplified protocols browser
proxy
 e.g., MobiScape, WebExpress
web network
server proxy
Special network subsystem
 adaptive content transformation
mobile client
for bad connections, pre-fetching,
caching client
browser
 e.g., Mowgli proxy
Additional many proprietary server web network

extensions possible server proxy
 “channels”, content negotiation, ...
WAP - Wireless Application Protocol
Goals
 deliver Internet content and enhanced services to mobile devices
and users (mobile phones, PDAs)
 independence from wireless network standards
 open for everyone to participate, protocol specifications will be
proposed to standardization bodies
 applications should scale well beyond current transport media and
device types and should also be applicable to future developments
Platforms
 e.g., GSM (900, 1800, 1900), CDMA IS-95, TDMA IS-136, 3rd
generation systems (IMT-2000, UMTS, W-CDMA, cdma2000 1x
EV-DO, …)
Forum
 was: WAP Forum, co-founded by Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia,
Unwired Planet, further information www.wapforum.org
 now: Open Mobile Alliance www.openmobilealliance.org
(Open Mobile Architecture + WAP Forum + SyncML + …)
WAP - scope of standardization
Browser
 “micro browser”, similar to existing, well-known browsers in the
Internet
Script language
 similar to Java script, adapted to the mobile environment
WTA/WTAI
 Wireless Telephony Application (Interface): access to all telephone
functions
Content formats
 e.g., business cards (vCard), calendar events (vCalender)
Protocol layers
 transport layer, security layer, session layer etc.
WAP 1.x - reference model and protocols
Internet A-SAP WAP
HTML, Java Application Layer (WAE) additional services

and applications
S-SAP
Session Layer (WSP)
HTTP TR-SAP
Transaction Layer (WTP)
SEC-SAP
SSL/TLS Security Layer (WTLS)
T-SAP
TCP/IP, Transport Layer (WDP) WCMP

UDP/IP,
media Bearers (GSM, CDPD, ...)
WAE comprises WML (Wireless Markup Language), WML Script, WTAI etc.
WAP - network elements
fixed network wireless network
Internet HTML WML WAP Binary WML

filter proxy
HTML WML
HTML
filter/ Binary WML
WAP
web HTML proxy
server
WTA Binary WML

server
PSTN
Binary WML: binary file format for clients

WDP - Wireless Datagram Protocol
Protocol of the transport layer within the WAP architecture

 uses directly transports mechanisms of different network technologies
 offers a common interface for higher layer protocols
 allows for transparent communication using different transport technologies
(GSM [SMS, CSD, USSD, GPRS, ...], IS-136, TETRA, DECT, PHS, IS-
95, ...)
Goals of WDP
 create a worldwide interoperable transport system with the help of WDP
adapted to the different underlying technologies
 transmission services such as SMS, GPRS in GSM might change, new
services can replace the old ones
Additionally, WCMP (wireless Control Message Protocol) is used for

control/error report (similar to ICMP in the TCP/IP protocol suite)
WDP - Service Primitives
T-SAP T-SAP
T-DUnitdata.req
(DA, DP, SA, SP, UD) T-DUnitdata.ind
(SA, SP, UD)
T-DUnitdata.req
(DA, DP, SA, SP, UD)
T-DError.ind
(EC)
Usage of WDP
Wireless Data Gateway

WTLS WTLS
GSM-SMS WDP & WDP &
Adaptation Adaptation
SMS SMS Tunnel Tunnel
Subnetwork Subnetwork
WAP
GSM-CSD Proxy
WTLS WTLS
Internet Service Provider
UDP Remote Access Service UDP
IP Interworking IP IP
PPP Function PPP
PSTN PSTN Subnetwork Subnetwork
CSD-RF CSD-RF
Circuit Circuit
WTLS - Wireless Transport Layer Security
Goals
 data integrity
 prevention of changes in data
 privacy
 prevention of tapping
 authentication
 creation of authenticated relations between a mobile device and a server
 protection against denial-of-service attacks
 protection against repetition of data and unverified data
WTLS
 is based on the TLS (Transport Layer Security) protocol (former SSL,
Secure Sockets Layer)
 optimized for low-bandwidth communication channels
Secure session, full handshake
originator peer
SEC-SAP SEC-SAP
SEC-Create.req
(SA, SP, DA, DP, KES, CS, CM)
SEC-Create.ind
(SA, SP, DA, DP, KES, CS, CM)
SEC-Create.res
(SNM, KR, SID, KES‘, CS‘, CM‘)
SEC-Create.cnf SEC-Exchange.req
(SNM, KR, SID, KES‘, CS‘, CM‘)
SEC-Exchange.ind
SEC-Exchange.res
(CC)
SEC-Commit.req SEC-Exchange.cnf
(CC)
SEC-Commit.ind
SEC-Commit.cnf
SEC-Unitdata - transferring datagrams
sender receiver
SEC-SAP SEC-SAP
SEC-Unitdata.req
(SA, SP, DA, DP, UD) SEC-Unitdata.ind
(SA, SP, DA, DP, UD)
WTP - Wireless Transaction Protocol
Goals
 different transaction services, offloads applications
 application can select reliability, efficiency
 support of different communication scenarios
 class 0: unreliable message transfer
 class 1: reliable message transfer without result message
 class 2: reliable message transfer with exactly one reliable result message
 supports peer-to-peer, client/server and multicast applications
 low memory requirements, suited to simple devices (< 10kbyte )
 efficient for wireless transmission
 segmentation/reassembly
 selective retransmission
 header compression
 optimized connection setup (setup with data transfer)
Details of WTP I
Support of different communication scenarios

 Class 0: unreliable message transfer
 Example: push service
 Class 1: reliable request
 An invoke message is not followed by a result message
 Example: reliable push service
 Class 2: reliable request/response

 An invoke message is followed by exactly one result message
 With and without ACK
 Example: typical web browsing
No explicit connection setup or release is available

Services for higher layers are called events
Details of WTP II
Used Mechanisms
 Reliability
 Unique transaction identifiers (TID)
 Acknowledgements
 Selective retransmission
 Duplicate removal
 Optional: concatenation & separation of messages
 Optional: segmentation & reassembly of messages
 Asynchronous transactions
 Transaction abort, error handling
 Optimized connection setup (includes data transmission)
WTP Class 0 transaction
initiator responder
TR-SAP TR-SAP
TR-Invoke.req
(SA, SP, DA, DP, A, UD, C=0, H) TR-Invoke.ind
Invoke
P DU (SA, SP, DA, DP, A, UD, C=0, H‘)
WTP Class 1 transaction, no user ack & user ack
initiator responder
TR-SAP TR-SAP
TR-Invoke.req
Invoke
TR-Invoke.cnf U
(H) Ack PD
initiator responder
TR-SAP TR-SAP
TR-Invoke.req
Invoke
TR-Invoke.res
(H‘)
TR-Invoke.cnf U
(H) Ack PD
WTP Class 2 transaction, no user ack, no hold on
initiator responder
TR-SAP TR-SAP
TR-Invoke.req
Invoke
TR-Result.req
(UD*, H‘)
TR-Invoke.cnf PDU
(H) Result
TR-Result.ind
(UD*, H)
TR-Result.res
(H)
Ack PD TR-Result.cnf
U
(H‘)
WTP Class 2 transaction, user ack
initiator responder
TR-SAP TR-SAP
TR-Invoke.req
Invoke
TR-Invoke.res
(H‘)
TR-Invoke.cnf U
(H) Ack PD TR-Result.req
(UD*, H‘)
TR-Result.ind PDU
(UD*, H) Result
TR-Result.res
(H)
U
(H‘)
WTP Class 2 transaction, hold on, no user ack
initiator responder
TR-SAP TR-SAP
TR-Invoke.req
Invoke
TR-Invoke.cnf U
(H) Ack PD TR-Result.req
(UD*, H‘)
TR-Result.ind PDU
Result
(UD*, H)
TR-Result.res
(H)
U
(H‘)
WSP - Wireless Session Protocol
Goals
 HTTP 1.1 functionality
 Request/reply, content type negotiation, ...
 support of client/server, transactions, push technology
 key management, authentication, Internet security services
 session management (interruption, resume,...)
Open topics
 QoS support)
 Group communication
 Isochronous media objects
 management
WSP protocols
WSP
Connection mode Connectionless mode

(uses WTP) (uses WDP or WTLS)
• Session Management (class 0, 2) • Method Invocation

• Method Invocation (Kl. 2) • Push
• Error Report (in general unreliable)
• Push (class 0)
• Confirmed Push (class 1)
• Session suspend/resume (class 0, 2)
WSP/B session establishment
client server
S-SAP S-SAP
S-Connect.req
(SA, CA, CH, RC) Conne S-Connect.ind
ct P DU
(SA, CA, CH, RC)
S-Connect.res
(SH, NC)
S-Connect.cnf DU
on nReply P
(SH, NC) C
WTP Class 2
transaction
WSP/B session suspend/resume
client server
S-SAP S-SAP
S-Suspend.req Suspe S-Suspend.ind

nd PD
U (R)
S-Suspend.ind
(R) WTP Class 0
transaction
S-Resume.req
(SA, CA)
~ ~
Resum S-Resume.ind
eP DU
(SA, CA)
S-Resume.res
PDU
S-Resume.cnf Reply
WTP Class 2
transaction
WSP/B session termination
client server
S-SAP S-SAP
S-Disconnect.req
(R) Discon S-Disconnect.ind
nect P
S-Disconnect.ind DU (R)
(R) WTP Class 0
transaction
WSP/B method invoke
client server
S-SAP S-SAP
S-MethodInvoke.req
(CTID, M, RU) Metho S-MethodInvoke.ind
d PDU
(STID, M, RU)
S-MethodInvoke.res
(STID)
S-MethodInvoke.cnf
(CTID) S-MethodResult.req
(STID, S, RH, RB)
S-MethodResult.ind PDU
(CTID, S, RH, RB) Reply
S-MethodResult.res
(CTID) S-MethodResult.cnf
(STID)
WTP Class 2
transaction
WSP/B over WTP - method invocation
client initiator responder server

S-SAP TR-SAP TR-SAP S-SAP
S-MethodInvoke.req TR-Invoke.req Invo

ke(Me
thod) TR-Invoke.ind S-MethodInvoke.ind
TR-Invoke.res S-MethodInvoke.res
U
S-MethodInvoke.cnf TR-Invoke.cnf Ack PD
TR-Result.req S-MethodResult.req
)
es ul t(Reply
S-MethodResult.ind TR-Result.ind R
S-MethodResult.res TR-Result.res Ack PD

U
TR-Result.cnf S-MethodResult.cnf
WSP/B over WTP - asynchronous, unordered requests
client server
S-SAP S-SAP
S-MethodInvoke_1.req
S-MethodInvoke_2.ind
S-MethodInvoke_3.req S-MethodResult_1.req
S-MethodResult_1.ind
S-MethodResult_3.req
S-MethodResult_2.req
S-MethodResult_4.ind S-MethodResult_4.req
WSP/B - confirmend/non-confirmed push
client server
S-SAP S-SAP
S-Push.req
(PH, PB)
S-Push.ind DU
(PH, PB) Push P
WTP Class 0
transaction
client server
S-SAP S-SAP
S-ConfirmedPush.req
(SPID, PH, PB)
S-ConfirmedPush.ind PD U
ush
(CPID, PH, PB) ConfP
S-ConfirmedPush.res
(CPID) S-ConfirmedPush.cnf
(SPID)
WTP Class 1
transaction
WSP/B over WDP
client server
S-Unit-MethodInvoke.req S-SAP S-SAP
(SA, CA, TID, M, RU) Metho S-Unit-MethodInvoke.ind
d PDU
(SA, CA, TID, M, RU)
S-Unit-MethodResult.req
(CA, SA, TID, S, RH, RB)
S-Unit-MethodResult.ind PDU
(CA, SA, TID, S, RH, RB) Reply
S-Unit-Push.req
(CA, SA, PID, PH, PB)
S-Unit-Push.ind DU
(CA, SA, PID, PH, PB) Push P
WDP Unitdata
service
WAE - Wireless Application Environment
Goals
 network independent application environment for low-bandwidth,
wireless devices
 integrated Internet/WWW programming model with high interoperability
Requirements
 device and network independent, international support
 manufacturers can determine look-and-feel, user interface
 considerations of slow links, limited memory, low computing power, small
display, simple user interface (compared to desktop computers)
Components
 architecture: application model, browser, gateway, server
 WML: XML-Syntax, based on card stacks, variables, ...
 WMLScript: procedural, loops, conditions, ... (similar to JavaScript)
 WTA: telephone services, such as call control, text messages, phone
book, ... (accessible from WML/WMLScript)
 content formats: vCard, vCalendar, Wireless Bitmap, WML, ...
WAE logical model
Origin Servers Gateway Client
response encoded WTA

web
with response user agent
server
content with
encoders
content
&
decoders WML
other content
user agent
server push encoded
content push
content
other
WAE
user agents
request encoded
request
Wireless Markup Language (WML)
WML follows deck and card metaphor

 WML document consists of many cards, cards are grouped to decks
 a deck is similar to an HTML page, unit of content transmission
 WML describes only intent of interaction in an abstract manner
 presentation depends on device capabilities
Features
 text and images
 user interaction
 navigation
 context management
WML – example I
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml">
<wml>
<card id="card_one" title="simple example">
<do type="accept">
<go href="#card_two"/>
</do>
<p>
This is a simple first card!
<br/>
On the next one you can choose ...
</p>
</card>
WML – example II
<card id="card_two" title="Pizza selection">
<do type="accept" label="cont">
<go href="#card_three"/>
</do>
<p>
... your favorite pizza!
<select value="Mar" name="PIZZA">
<option value="Mar">Margherita</option>
<option value="Fun">Funghi</option>
<option value="Vul">Vulcano</option>
</select>
</p>
</card>
<card id="card_three" title="Your Pizza!">
<p>
Your personal pizza parameter is <b>$(PIZZA)</b>!
</p>
</card>
</wml>
WMLScript
Complement to WML
Provides general scripting capabilities
Features
 validity check of user input
 check input before sent to server
 access to device facilities
 hardware and software (phone call, address book etc.)
 local user interaction
 interaction without round-trip delay
 extensions to the device software
 configure device, download new functionality after deployment
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS02 10.54

WMLScript - example
function pizza_test(pizza_type) {
var taste = "unknown";
if (pizza_type = "Margherita") {
taste = "well... ";
}
else {
if (pizza_type = "Vulcano") {
taste = "quite hot";
};
};
return taste;
};

Wireless Telephony Application (WTA)
Collection of telephony specific extensions

Extension of basic WAE application model
 content push
 server can push content to the client
 client may now be able to handle unknown events
 handling of network events
 table indicating how to react on certain events from the network
 access to telephony functions
 any application on the client may access telephony functions
Example
 calling a number (WML)
wtai://wp/mc;07216086415
 calling a number (WMLScript)
WTAPublic.makeCall("07216086415");

WTA logical architecture
other telephone networks
WTA server
client
WML
scripts mobile WTA
WTA & WML network user agent
server
WML
decks
WAP gateway repository
WTA
services
encoders
& device
network operator decoders specific
trusted domain other functions
servers
third party
firewall
servers

Voice box example
WTA-User-Agent WTA-Gateway WTA-Server Mobile network Voice box server

Indicate new voice message
Generate new deck

Service Indication Push URL
Display deck;
user selects
WSP Get HTTP Get
Respond with content

Binary WML WML
Display deck;
user selects
WSP Get HTTP Get
Respond with card
WML for call
Binary WML
Play requested voice message
Wait for call
Call setup
Setup call
Setup call
Accept call
Accept call Accept call
Voice connection

WTAI - example with WML only
<wml>
<card id="card_one" title="Tele voting">
<do type="accept">
<go href="#card_two"/>
</do>
<p> Please choose your candidate! </p>
</card>
<card id="card_two" title="Your selection">
<do type="accept">
<go href="wtai://wp/mc;$dialno"/>
</do>
<p> Your selection:
<select name="dialno">
<option value="01376685">Mickey</option>
<option value="01376686">Donald</option>
<option value="01376687">Pluto</option>
</select>
</p>
</card>
</wml>

WTAI - example with WML and WMLScript I
function voteCall(Nr) {
var j = WTACallControl.setup(Nr,1);
if (j>=0) {
WMLBrowser.setVar("Message", "Called");
WMLBrowser.setVar("No", Nr);
}
else {
WMLBrowser.setVar("Message", "Error!");
WMLBrowser.setVar("No", j);
}
WMLBrowser.go("showResult");
}

WTAI - example with WML and WMLScript II
<wml>
<card id="card_one" title="Tele voting">
<do type="accept"> <go href="#card_two"/> </do>
<p> Please choose your candidate! </p>
</card>
<card id="card_two" title="Your selection">
<do type="accept">
<go href="/myscripts#voteCall($dialno)"/> </do>
<p> Your selection:
<select name="dialno">
<option value="01376685">Mickey</option>
<option value="01376686">Donald</option>
<option value="01376687">Pluto</option>
</select> </p>
</card>
<card id="showResult" title="Result">
<p> Status: $Message $No </p>
</card>
</wml>

WAP push architecture with proxy gateway
Push Access Protocol

 Content transmission between server and PPG
 First version uses HTTP
Push OTA (Over The Air) Protocol

 Simple, optimized
 Mapped onto WSP
Push Proxy Push

Push OTA Gateway Access
Client Push Initiator
Protocol Protocol
User Agents Server

Coding,
application
checking

Push/Pull services in WAP I
Service Indication
 Service announcement using a pushed short message
 Service usage via a pull
 Service identification via a URI
<!DOCTYPE si PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD SI 1.0//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/si.dtd">
<si>
<indication href="http://www.piiiizza4u.de/offer/salad.wml"
created="2002-10-30T17:45:32Z"
si-expires="2000-10-30T17:50:31Z">
Salad special: The 5 minute offer
</indication>
</si>

Push/Pull services in WAP II
Service Loading
 short message pushed to a client containing a URI
 User agent decides whether to use the URI via a pull
 Transparent for users, always looks like a push
<!DOCTYPE sl PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD SL 1.0//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/sl.dtd">
<sl
href="http://www.piiiizza4u.de/offer/salad.wml">
</sl>

Examples for WAP protocol stacks (WAP 1.x)
WAP standardization
WAE user agent
outside WAP
WAE
transaction based
WSP application
datagram based
WTP WTP application
WTLS WTLS WTLS
UDP WDP UDP WDP UDP WDP
IP non IP IP non IP IP non IP

(GPRS, ...) (SMS, ...) (GPRS, ...) (SMS, ...) (GPRS, ...) (SMS, ...)
1. 2. 3.
typical WAP pure data
application with application
complete protocol with/without
stack additional security

i-mode – first of all a business model!
Access to Internet services in Japan provided by NTT DoCoMo

 Services
 Email, short messages, web, picture exchange, horoscope, ...
 Big success – more than 30 million users
 Many use i-mode as PC replacement
 For many this is the first Internet contact
 Very simple to use, convenient
 Technology
 9.6 kbit/s (enhancements with 28.8 kbit/s), packet oriented (PDC-P)
 Compact HTML plus proprietary tags, special transport layer (Stop/go, ARQ, push,
connection oriented)
mobile terminal mobile network gateway content provider

cHTML + tags cHTML + tags
HTTP(S) HTTP(S)
TL TL TCP TCP TCP TCP
IP IP IP IP
PDC-P PDC-P L2 L2 L2 L2
L1 L1 L1 L1

Email example: i-mode push with SMS
Popular misconception:
application WAP was a failure, i-mode is different
WSP
and a success – wrong from a
technology point of view, right from a
WTP business point of view…
WDP
SMS i-mode as a business model:

- content providers get >80%
Operator sends an SMS containing a of the revenue.
push message if a new email has - independent of technology
arrived. If the user wants to read the (GSM/GPRS in Europe,
email, an HTTP get follows with the PDC-P in Japan – but also
email as response. UMTS!)

i-mode protocol stack based on WAP 2.0
user equipment gateway server
cHTML cHTML
HTTP HTTP
SSL SSL
WTCP WTCP TCP TCP
IP IP IP IP
L2 L2 L2 L2
L1 L1 L1 L1
i-mode can use WAP 2.0/Internet protocols (example: i-mode in Germany over GSM/GPRS)

i-mode – technical requirements
Functions Descriptions Status Requirement

WEB Access Portal Site / Internet Access M i-mode HTML (cHTML+tags)
E-mail Internet e-mail and inter-terminal email M HTTP 1.1
Security End-End security O SSL (Version 2, 3), TLS 1
Java Java application made available O Compatible i-mode JAVA
Ringing tone download Ringing melody download M SMF based
Image download Stand-by screen download M GIF (O: JPEG)
Voice call notification during i- Voice termination notified and responded during i-mode M 3GPP standard system
mode session communications
Content charge billing Per content charge billed to user M Specifications depend on each
operator’s billing system
Third party payment collection Content charge collection on behalf of Content Provider M Specifications depend on each
Reverse billing Packet usage charges can be billed to third party O Specifications depend on each
Subscriber ID transmission Hashed subscriber ID from the operator’s portal to the CP M The ID generation algorithm
transmission on each content access should be determined by each
operator and has to be secret
Number of characters per e- Number of characters (byte) per e-mail M To be defined by operators (e.g.
mail 500 byte, 1K byte, 10K byte)
Character code set supported Character code set supported by browser and used to develop content M To be defined by operators
User Agent Browser specifications to be notified M HTTP 1.1
i-mode button Dedicated button O Hard or soft key

i-mode examples I

i-mode examples II

i-mode examples III

WAP 2.0 (July 2001)
New for developers

 XHTML
 TCP with „Wireless Profile“
 HTTP
New applications
 Color graphics
 Animation
 Large file download
 Location based services
 Synchronization with PIMs
 Pop-up/context sensitive menus
Goal: integration of WWW, Internet, WAP, i-mode

WAP 2.0 architecture
Service Security Multimedia Messaging Content
Application
framework
discovery services (Email) formats
External Crypto WAE/WTA User Agent

Push
services EFI libraries (WML, XHTMLMP)
Authenti-
Provisioning
Capability Negotiation
Session
cation
Push Cookies
Navigation OTA Synchronisation
Identification
Discovery
Protocol framework
Transfer
Service Hypermedia transfer Strea-
PKI MMS
Lookup (WTP+WSP, HTTP) ming
Transport
Secure Connections
Datagrams
transport (TCP with
(WDP, UDP)
wireless profile)
Secure IPv4 CSD USSD GPRS ...
Bearer
bearer
IPv6 SMS FLEX MPAK ...

WAP 2.0 example protocol stacks
WAP device WAP gateway Web server

WAE WAE
WSP WSP WAP device WAP proxy Web server
HTTP HTTP
WTP WTP WAE WAE
WTLS WTLS TLS TLS HTTP‘ HTTP‘ HTTP HTTP
WDP WDP TCP TCP TCP‘ TCP‘ TCP TCP
bearer bearer IP IP IP IP IP IP
WAP 1.x Server/Gateway/Client WAP HTTP Proxy with profiled TCP and HTTP
WAP device WAP proxy Web server

WAE WAE WAP device Web server
HTTP HTTP WAE WAE
TLS TLS HTTP IP router HTTP
TCP‘ TCP‘ TCP TCP TCP TCP
IP IP IP IP IP IP IP IP
WAP Proxy with TLS tunneling WAP direct access

Java 2 Platform Micro Edition
„Java-Boom expected“ (?)

 Desktop: over 90% standard PC architecture, Intel x86 compatible,
typically MS Windows systems
 Do really many people care about platform independent applications?
BUT: Heterogeneous, “small“ devices

 Internet appliances, cellular phones, embedded control, car radios, ...
 Technical necessities (temperature range, form factor, power consumption,
…) and economic reasons result in different hardware
J2ME
 Provides a uniform platform
 Restricted functionality compared to standard java platform (JVM)

Applications of J2ME
Example cellular phones

 NTT DoCoMo introduced ippli
 Applications on PDA, mobile phone, ...
 Game download, multimedia applications,
encryption, system updates
 Load additional functionality with a push on a
button (and pay for it)!
Embedded control
 Household devices, vehicles, surveillance
systems, device control
 System update is an important factor

Characteristics and architecture
Java Virtual Machine

 Virtual Hardware (Processor)
Applications
 KVM (K Virtual Machine)
 Min. 128 kByte, typ. 256 kByte Profile
 Optimized for low performance devices (MIDP)
 Might be a co-processor
Configurations
Configurations
(CDC, CLDC)
 Subset of standard Java libraries depending technical
hardware parameters (memory, CPU)
Java Virtual Machine
 CLDC (Connected Limited Device Configuration)
(JVM, KVM)
 Basic libraries, input/output, security – describes Java
support for mobile devices
Operating system
Profiles (EPOC, Palm, WinCE)
 Interoperability of heterogeneous devices belonging to
the same category Hardware
 MIDP (Mobile Information Device Profile) (SH4, ARM, 68k, ...)
 Defines interfaces for GUIs, HTTP, application support, …

Hardware independent development

Summary J2ME
Idea is more than WAP 1.x or i-mode

 Full applications on mobile phones, not only a
browser
 Includes system updates, end-to-end encryption
Platform independent via virtualization

 As long as certain common interfaces are used
 Not valid for hardware specific functions
Limited functionality compared to JVM

 Thus, maybe an intermediate solution only – until
embedded systems, mobile phones are as
powerful as today’s desktop systems

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Mobile Communications Unit 4:

Support for Mobility

THE big problem of distributed, loosely coupled systems

Several experimental systems exist

Application transparent extensions of client and server

application cache server

 Only changes in the cache manager of the client

Connected Partially Fetch only Disconnected

Protocol (HTTP, Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and language

The Web is no file system

<DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">

POSTing (i.e., sending to a server)

Many unsolved problems!

Web pages ignore the heterogeneity of end-systems!

Enhanced browsers mobile client

Client Proxy mobile client

Client and network proxy mobile client

Additional many proprietary server web network

Internet A-SAP WAP

HTML, Java Application Layer (WAE) additional services

TCP/IP, Transport Layer (WDP) WCMP

fixed network wireless network

Internet HTML WML WAP Binary WML

WTA Binary WML

Binary WML: binary file format for clients

Protocol of the transport layer within the WAP architecture

Additionally, WCMP (wireless Control Message Protocol) is used for

Wireless Data Gateway

Support of different communication scenarios

 Class 2: reliable request/response

No explicit connection setup or release is available

Connection mode Connectionless mode

• Session Management (class 0, 2) • Method Invocation

S-Suspend.req Suspe S-Suspend.ind

client initiator responder server

S-MethodInvoke.req TR-Invoke.req Invo

S-MethodResult.res TR-Result.res Ack PD

Origin Servers Gateway Client

response encoded WTA

WML follows deck and card metaphor

Provides general scripting capabilities

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS02 10.54

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS02 10.55

Collection of telephony specific extensions

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS02 10.56

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS02 10.57

WTA-User-Agent WTA-Gateway WTA-Server Mobile network Voice box server

Generate new deck

Respond with content

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS02 10.58

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS02 10.59

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS02 10.60

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS02 10.61

Push Access Protocol

Push OTA (Over The Air) Protocol

Push Proxy Push

User Agents Server