EASA B1.1 : MODULE 6.

AIRCRAFT
MATERIALS AND
HARDWARE
13/04/22
 METALS NON METALLIC-
METALS
• FERROUS METALS
• NON-FERROUS
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METALS 2
 METALS

Metal is the most commonly applied material for technical purposes . The basic
classifications of metals for aircraft structure are ferrous and non-ferrous

FERROUS METALS
• Any alloy contain IRON called FERROUS METALS
• Amount of CARBON is important as it changes the properties of metals
• Most common ferrous metals in aircraft structures is STEEL

NON-FERROUS
METALS
• Metals contains NO IRON called NON-FERROUS METALS
• Most aircraft constructed of non-ferrous metal due to their properties :-
• Soft, ductile and corrosive resistance
• Most common non-ferrous metals are ALUMINIUM and COPPER
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  Most materials in aircraft construction are non-ferrous:

 Aircraft engines, engine mounting, hydraulic lines, control

cables
 A metallic material that contains at least 50% iron is classified as
a ferrous metal or alloy.

 The SIMPLEST ferrous metal is PLAIN CARBON STEEL,

consisting of less than one percent carbon.

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1- Aluminium alloys
2. Magnesium alloys
3. Alloy steel
~Save weight - light
4.Composite Materials
5. Wood ~ Strong
6. Heavy alloys – copper
alloy ~ Not corrosive

~Safety
Factor

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 CHARACTERISTIC OF MATERIAL

• To compare materials it is important to know and to describe their characteristic

features:
• Physical characteristics
- density, melting point, magnetisability, electrical and thermal conductivity
• Mechanical characteristics
- hardness, strength, ductility, brittleness, elasticity, heat resistance,
toughness
• Chemical characteristics
- corrosion resistance, combustibility, toxicity, reactivity
• Technologies characteristics
- these cannot be defined by numbers and figures or be fixed in tables and
diagrams, but must be described as good machine ability, being good to
weld or cast, suitable for forging, not machinable etc.
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 Ability to attract
Able to transmit metals
heat

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC
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 ability to resist
ability of a material cutting,
to withstand forces penetration or
abrasion

Tendency to
return to origins
ability of metal to
be drawn

Tendency to
ability to transmit
break and shatter
heat

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 ability to be cast
Eg : forging
process

Good to weld

ability to be
bent, form or
shape

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 PROPERTIES OF METAL
 The properties of a metal, which influence its suitability as a material for
engineering use.
  1. Brittleness
 
 Material’s tendency to break or shatter when it bent, defamed or
hammered.
 It is the resistance to change in the relative position of the molecules
within the material.
 Cast iron, cast aluminium and very hard steel are examples of brittle
metals.
 

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2. Conductivity
 The characteristic of a material, which makes it possible for it to transmit heat or
electrical energy by conduction.
 Able transmit heat its called THERMALLY CONDUCTIVE
 Able to carry electrons its called ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
3. Ductility
 The ability of metal to be drawn into wire stock, thinner sections without
breaking.
 Use for aircraft because ease of forming and resistance to failure under shock
load
 Ductility allows materials like aluminium and copper to be drawn into very small
wires.

4. Elasticity
 The capability of an object a material to be stretched and to recover it’s size
and shape after it’s deformation.
 Tendency return to original shapes

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5. Malleability
 The ability of a material to be bent , formed or shaped by beating without cracking
or breaking.

6. Plasticity
 The property of assuming a new shape when subjected to pressure.
 The new shape being retained after the pressure has been discontinued.

7. Tenacity
 This is the resistance a material offers against being pulled apart
 Materials which have good tenacity have a high tensile strength.
 Tensile strength of steel is high where as that of lead is low.

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8. Toughness

 Is the resistance to fracture by blows, bending or twisting loads.

 Tough materials usually have high tenacity combined with good ductility.
 Toughness decreases with heating.

9. Fatigue

 A weakening or collapse of metal due to the continuous application of alternating or

varying stresses.

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10. Hardness

 The ability of a metal to resist scratch or indent by another metal or the ability to
resist wears by abrasion.

Aircraft Pressure Plate

11.Strength

 Strength is the ability of a material to withstand forces which tend to deform the metal
in any direction. In other words, it is the ability to resist stress without breaking.

 Tensile Strength

 Pressure Strength

 Shear Strength

 Bearing strength

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