A Seminar on Digital

Photography

Ashish Kulkarni (04ec18)

Basic Camera Architecture
 The Lens
 Film / image sensor
 Camera body
 Focus achieved by changing distance b/w lens and
sensor
 Lens is made of several lenses of different materials
combined into one unit to prevent aberrations like
chromatic aberrations
 Changing distance between particular lenses gives
different focal length and magnification of lens as a
whole.
Cameras: The Right Light

 Aperture of the lens

 Shutter speed setting
 Film Speed (ISO
100/200/400,etc)
 Light meter made of
CMOS sensors
 Light meter systems
interprets exposure
based on above 4
parameters.
Single Lens Reflex (SLR) Camera
 You see the actual
image that image
sensor is going to see
 Slanted mirror between
shutter and lens
 Pentaprism to flip the
upside-down image
 Mirror is switched out of
the way when shutter is
pressed
A Digital Camera
 Image sensors instead of film
 Charge coupled devices (CCD) or
CMOS sensors used
 Like a 2-D array of millions of solar cells
 CCD is an analog shift register. The
charges are converted to voltage one
pixel at a time as they are read from the
chip.
 In CMOS sensor, extra circuitry next to
each photo sensor converts the light
energy to a voltage
Charge Coupled Devices (CCD)
 CCD sensors create high-
quality, low-noise images.
 Higher light sensitivity per unit
area
 Ability to start and stop
exposure arbitrarily
 Better consistency of response
for different pixels under
identical illumination conditions
 High-end imaging apps like
digital photography, broadcast
television, high-performance
industrial imaging
 More flexible than CMOS
CMOS Imager
 CMOS sensors consume 100
times less power
 Ability to read out a portion of
the image sensor
 Faster than CCD’s
 Security cameras, bar-code
scanners, fax machines,
consumer scanners, toys,
biometrics where image
requirements are low, system
requirements high.
Capturing Colour
 3CCD - Light is split by a
trichroic prism assembly,
directs the red, blue, green
(RGB) to their respective
CCDs. Expensive, Bulky

 Spinning disk filter - The

sensor records three
separate images in rapid
succession
Bayer Filter
 Alternating rows of red and
green filters with rows of
blue and green filters
 There are as many green
pixels as there are blue and
red combined
 Demosaicing algos to
convert this mosaic into an
equally sized mosaic of true
colors
 The true color of a single
pixel can be determined by
averaging the values from
the closest surrounding
pixels
Types of Digital Cameras
 Live-preview digital
cameras
 Bridge cameras
 DSLR cameras
Some Digital Camera Features

 Red Eye Correction

 Auto Exposure Bracketing (AEB)
 Preset modes for Portrait, Landscape, Macro,
Night photos
 Removable Memory
Disadvantages of Digital Cameras
 High ISO image noise manifests as multicolored
speckles in digital images, rather than the less-
objectionable "grain" of high-ISO film
 Many digital sensors have less dynamic range than
color print film
 Dependence upon spare batteries which are heavy
to carry and whose lack makes equipment
unusable. Batteries used by some film cameras are
smaller and not drained as quickly
References

 www.wikipedia.org
 www.google.com
 www.howstuffworks.com
 www.canon.co.in
End of Seminar

Thank You