LEVEL, LABEL, & FUNCTION

GRAMMAR ANALYSIS INITIATION III

 CONTENT

A. PHRASE STRUCTURE
B. CLAUSE AND SENTENCE

GRAMMAR ANALYSIS INITIATION III

 PHRASE STRUCTURE
1. NOUN PHRASE (NP)
SEVERAL FUNCTIONS WITHIN NP STRUCTURE:
a. Head
NP HEAD EXPLANATION
A BEAUTIFUL GIRL GIRL IF THERE IS ONLY ONE NOUN IN AN
NP, IT MUST BE THE HEAD
A GIRL GIRL
b. Determiner
1) Article
ARTICLE EXAMPLE EXPLANATION
INDEFINITE I MET A GIRL AT THE TRAIN A GIRL INDEFINITE ARTICLENOT SURE
STATION. THE GIRL TURNED WHICH GIRL? OR NOT MENTIONED BEFORE.
OUT TO BE OUR OLD
DEFINITE FRIEND, KATIE, FROM THE THE GIRLHEARER KNOWS WHICH GIRL
KINDERGARTEN BEING TALKED.
GENERIC DOCTORS EARN A GOOD DOCTORS ZERO ARTICLEREFERS TO
SALARY PLURAL
I DRINK MILK MILKNO ARTICLEUNCOUNTABLE NOUN
GRAMMAR ANALYSIS INITIATION III
 2) Demonstrative Determiner
Singular Plural Reference Example
This These Near This book is mine.
That Those Distant

3) Wh-Determiners
WH-
DETERMI FOLLOWED BY HEAD NOUN INTERROGATIVE QUESTION
NERS
WHAT WHAT BOOK DO YOU LIKE TO BUY? WHAT DO YOU LIKE TO BUY?
WHICH WHICH COLOR DO YOU PREFER? WHICH DO YOU PREFER?
WHOSE WHOSE PEN IS THAT? WHOSE IS THAT PEN?

4) Quantificational Determiners
SOME,ANY. NO, ENOUG, I HAVE ENOUGH MONEY TO
MUCH, MANY, SEVERAL, A BUY A NEW CAR.
LOT OF, LITTLE, AND SO ON.

GRAMMAR ANALYSIS INITIATION III

 5) Possessive
DETERMINATIVE POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE SUFFIX –’S
MY, YOUR, HIS, HER, OUR, THEIR, AND ITS -’S (SUFFIX ‘S)
... E.G. JOHN’S HOUSE IS NOT FAR FROM
E.G. MY HOUSE IS NOT FAR FROM HERE. HERE.

c. Pre-Determiner
DETERMINER IS ALWAYS THE FIRST IN NP STRUCTURE. IN FACT,
DETERMINERS CAN ALSO BE PRECEDED BY PRE-DETERMINERS.

ALL ALL THE THINGS WE HAVE DONE WILL PAY OFF IN THE FUTURE
BOTH BOTH MY PARENTS ARE TEACHERS.
HALF HALF OUR FRIENDS DID NOT SHOW UP.
MANY MANY A PERSON FINDS IT DIFFICULT TO ELARN NOUN PHRASE.
FIRST, TWICE, DOUBLE, THREE TIMES...
ONE-THIRD, ONE-FOURTH, ...
IT’S SUCH A BEAUTIFUL DAY!
WHAT A SHAME THAT YOU DIDN’T COME TO THE PARTY!

GRAMMAR ANALYSIS INITIATION III

 d. Modifier
PRE-MODIFIER HEAD NOUN POST-MODIFIER
I see a beautiful girl the other day.
The glass table looks elegant.
The missing files have been found.
The stolen car was very
expensive.
The first ten Houses.
beautiful big old
neglected square
red Jamaican
stone plantation
The beautiful girl who stood on the
corner of the
street was my
sister.
The red pen on the table.

GRAMMAR ANALYSIS INITIATION III

 e. Complement

COMPLEMENT: EXAMPLES
OBJECT HE VISITED GARUT.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE HIS VISIT TO GARUT.
TO-INFINITIVEC LAUSE THE KEY TO UNLOCK THIS DOOR IS MISSING.

COMPLEMENT VERSUS POST-MODIFIER

I KNOW HIS VISIT TO I KNOW HIS VISIT TO GARUT IN
VS
GARUT TO BANDUNG. THE MORNING.
THERE CAN ONLY BE ONE WE CAN ADD ONE MORE POST-
VS
COMPLEMENT. MODIFIER.

GRAMMAR ANALYSIS INITIATION III

 2. VERB PHRASE
a) Auxiliary
PRIMARY HAVE WE HAVE WATCHED Ini Talk Show
AUXILIARY TONIGHT.
DO WE WATCH Ini Talk Show EVERYDAY.
BE WE ARE WATCHING Ini Talk Show RIGHT
NOW.
MODAL AUXILIARY CAN, COULD, WILL, WE WILL HAVE WATCHED Ini Talk Show
WOULD, MUST, TONIGHT.
MAY, SHOULD, ETC. WE MUST WATCH Ini Talk Show RIGHT
NOW.
HAVE  PERFERCT ASPECT
DO  TO NEGATE, TO QUESTION, TO EMPHASIZE
BE  PROGRESSIVE ASPECT AND PASSIVE VOICE

GRAMMAR ANALYSIS INITIATION III

 b) Main Verb
COPULAR HE LOOKED HAPPY.
AGNES IS A SINGER.
TRANSITIVE MONOTRANSITIVE HE DRINKS A CUP OF TEA EVERY EVENING.
DITRANSITIVE HIS FATHER HAS BOUGHT HIM A CAR.
COMPLEX TRANSITIVE RAISA DRIVES ME CRAZY.
I CONSIDER MY DAD A HERO.
INTRANSITIVE I SWIM EVERY MORNING.

COPULAR THE VERB “IS, LOOKED, SMELLS, BECOME,

APPEAR, GET, SOUND” DON’T TAKE ANY OBJECT.
DI-TRANSITIVE VERBS THAT TAKE TWO OBJECTS.
COMPLEX TRANSITIVEVERB THAT REQUIRES ONE
OBJECT AND ONE COMPLEMENT.

GRAMMAR ANALYSIS INITIATION III

 2. ADJECTIVE PHRASE
PRE-MODIFIER ADJECTIVE POST- COMPLEMENT
HEAD MODIFIER
THE ROOM IS REMARKABLY BIG.
DON IS TALL ENOUGH TO PLAY VOLLEY BALL.
ARE YOU AFRAID OF SPIDERS?
I AM HAPPY THAT THEY GOT MARRIED.

3. ADVERB PHRASE
PRE-MODIFIER ADVERB HEAD POST- COMPLEMENT
MODIFIER
I SPOKE TO HIM VERY QUIETLY.
I SPOKE TO HIM QUIETLY ENOUGH.
IT WAS DONE IDENTICALLY TO THE PREVIOUS METHOD.

GRAMMAR ANALYSIS INITIATION III

 CLAUSE AND SENTENCE
A. FUNCTION WITHIN A CLAUSE
1. Subject
What is subject? A doer? An agent?
FORMS OF SUBJECT EXAMPLES
NOUN PHRASE THE BOY KICKED THE BALL.
PRONOUN TOM IS A STUDENT.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE ON THE TABLE WILL BE FINE.
ADVERB PHRASE VERY CHRONOLOGICALLY IS HOW YOU SHOULD READ
THIS BOOK.
GERUND LOVING YOU IS MY SWEETEST MISTAKE.
TO INFINITIVE TO SWIM IN THE MORNING IS MY HOBBY.
THAT-CLAUSE THAT SHE CAME EARLY IS UNPREDICTABLE.
WH-CLAUSE WHAT SHE WANTS IS MONEY.

GRAMMAR ANALYSIS INITIATION III

 2. Predicate
Predicate is the VP that functions as a predicator
followed by NP, DO, IO, complement, and
adverbial.
PREDICATE IS
SUBJ PREDICATOR FUNCTION
THE BOY KICKED THE BALL. DIRECT OBJECT
TOM IS A STUDENT. SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
SHE WILL GIVE YOU THE MAP TOMORROW DO + IO + ADVERBIAL
I NAMED MY CAT LUNA DO + OC (OBJECT COMP)

GRAMMAR ANALYSIS INITIATION III

 3. Object
FORMS OF OBJECT
SUBJ PREDICATOR FUNCTION
I LIKE NASI PADANG. DIRECT OBJECT
SHE HAS FINISHED WRITING HER NOVE. ING-PARTICIPLE
I LIKE TO HAVE NASI PADANG TO-INFINITIVE CLAUSE
FOR MY DINNER
HE REMEMBERED THAT HE CAME EARLY THAT-CLAUSE
HE KNEW HOW HE DID THE TRICK. WH-CLAUSE.

GRAMMAR ANALYSIS INITIATION III

 4. Predicative Complement
SUBJ PREDICATOR FUNCTION
SUBJECT
LUNA COMPLEMENT
HAS A VS
CAT OBJECT COMPLEMENT
OBJECT
LUNA IS A CAT SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
I NAMED A CAT LUNA DO + OBJECT COMPLEMENT
THE MONEY WILL KEEP HER HAPPY OBJECT COMPLEMENT
THEY ARE IN THE MEETING SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
ROOM

MY IS TO GET MARRIED VERY SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

AMBITION SOON

THE IS THAT WE DON’T HAVE SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

PROBLEM ENOUGH MONEY.

I HELPED HER DO THE TASK. OBJECT COMPLEMENT

GRAMMAR ANALYSIS INITIATION III

 5. Adverbial
ADVERBIALS
ARE:
THE CAT RAN VERY QUICKLY. MANNER
THEY GATHERED IN THE CLASS. LOCATION
ADJUNCT
I CALLED THEM THREE TIMES. FREQUENCY
HE WENT TO SCHOOL THIS MORNING. TIME
DISJUNCT HONESTLY, I DON’T REALLY LIKE THIS SUBJECT. EXPRESSING
SPEAKERS’
IN MY OPINION, YOU WILL BE THE WINNER. ATTITUDE.
CONJUNCT WE HAVEN’T HEARD ANYTHING FROM THE BOS CONNECT THE
YET. THEREFORE, WE NEED TO WAIT. SENTENCES.
ADVERBIAL THIS WON’T LAST FOREVER. CAN NOT BE
COMPLEMENT THEY ARE STAYING AT THIS HOTEL. OMITTED.

GRAMMAR ANALYSIS INITIATION III

 SENTENCE TYPES
DECLARATIVE

IMPERATIVE
In Terms of
Forms
(STRUCTURE)
INTERROGATIVE

EXCLAMATIVE

SENTENCE TYPES

STATEMENT

QUESTION
In Terms of
Function (USE)
DIRECTIVE

EXCLAMATIVE

GRAMMAR ANALYSIS INITIATION III

A. DECLARATIVE (A SUBJECT PRECEDES A PRADICATE)
WE LOVE RAISA.
SERIOUSLY, YOU DON’T KNOW RAISA?

B. IMPERATIVE (A PREDICATING VERB IN A BARE INFINITIVE

FORM WITHOUT OVERT SUBJECT)
YOU BE CAREFUL!
GO AWAY!

C. INTERROGATIVE (YES-NO & WH-QUESTION)

DID HE CALL RAISA TONIGHT?
WHO/M DID JOHN CALL LAST NIGHT? (RAISA)

D. EXCLAMATIVE (WHAT-PHRASE & HOW-PHRASE)

SHE IS SUCH A BEAUTIFUL GIRL TODAY WHAT A BEAUTIFUL GIRL SHE IS TODAY!
YOU WALKED SO SLOWLY. HOW SLOWLY YOU WALKED!
IT’S GREAT TO BE BACK HERE! DECLARATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE WITH
CERTAIN INTONATION TO EXPRESS
WHAT THE HELL ARE YOU DOING? EXCLAMATION.
GRAMMAR ANALYSIS INITIATION III