‫‪University of Palestine‬‬

‫جــــــــــامــــــــعـــــــــــــــــة فلســـطــيـــــــــــــن‬
‫كلية الهندسة التطبيقية والتخطيط العمراني‬

‫‪Electronics I‬‬
‫إلكترونيات ‪1‬‬

‫‪CH. 2‬‬
‫)‪Diode Applications (1‬‬
Load-Line Analysis .1

The load line plots all

possible combinations of
diode current (ID) and
voltage (VD) for a given
circuit. The maximum ID
equals E/R, and the
maximum VD equals E.

The point where the load line and the characteristic curve intersect is the Q-
point, which identifies ID and VD for a particular diode in a given circuit.
Example 1:
Example 2: Repeat Example 1, with R = 2K
2. Series Diode Configurations

1. Forward Bias

Constants
Silicon Diode: VD = 0.7 V
Germanium Diode: VD = 0.3 V

Analysis (for silicon)

VD = 0.7 V (or VD = E if E < 0.7 V)
VR = E – VD
ID = IR = I T = V R / R
 2. Reverse Bias

Diodes ideally behave as open circuits

Analysis
VD = E
VR = 0 V
ID = 0 A
Example
Determine VD , VR , ID
Example
Repeat the previous example with diode reversed
Example
For the series diode configuration, determine VD, VR, and ID.
Example
Determine V0, and ID.
Example
Determine VD2, V0, and ID.
3. Parallel Diode Configurations

V  0.7 V
D
V V  V  0.7 V
D1 D2 o
V  9.3 V
R
E V 10 V  .7 V
I  D   28 mA
R R .33 kΩ
28 mA
I I   14 mA
D1 D2 2
Example
Determine V0, I1 and ID1.
Example
Determine the current I.
Example
Determine the voltage V.
Half-Wave Rectification .4

The diode conducts only

when it is forward biased,
therefore only half of the
AC cycle passes through
the diode to the output.

The DC output voltage is 0.318Vm, where Vm = the peak AC voltage.

Example
a) Sketch the output vo and determine the dc.
b) if the ideal diode is replaced by a silicon diode

c) Vm is increased to 200 V
5. PIV (PRV)

Because the diode is only forward biased for one-half of the

AC cycle, it is also reverse biased for one-half cycle.

It is important that the reverse breakdown voltage rating of the diode be

high enough to withstand the peak, reverse-biasing AC voltage.
PIV (or PRV) > Vm

Where PIV = Peak inverse voltage

PRV = Peak reverse voltage
Vm = Peak AC voltage
5. Full-Wave Rectification

The rectification process can be

improved by using a full-wave
rectifier circuit.

Full-wave rectification produces a greater

DC output:

Half-wave: Vdc = 0.318Vm

Full-wave: Vdc = 0.636Vm

Bridge Rectifier

A full-wave rectifier with

four diodes that are
connected in a bridge
configuration.
VDC = 0.636Vm
Center-Tapped Transformer Rectifier

Requires two diodes and a

center-tapped transformer

VDC = 0.636Vm
Summary of Rectifier Circuits

In the center tapped transformer rectifier circuit, the peak AC voltage is

the transformer secondary voltage to the tap.

Rectifier Ideal VDC Realistic VDC

Half Wave Rectifier VDC= 0.318Vm VDC = 0.318Vm – 0.7

Bridge Rectifier VDC = 0.636Vm VDC = 0.636Vm – 2(0.7 V)

Center-Tapped Transformer VDC = 0.636Vm VDC = 0.636Vm – 0.7 V

Rectifier

Vm = the peak AC voltage