TITLE

BIODESULPHURISATION OF FUELS USED

IN THERMAL POWERSTATIONS TO
REDUCE SO2 EMISSION

GROUP 5
BT20CME063 NAVNEET VERMA .
BT20CME066 OMKAR AKULWAR .
BT20CME084 SANKET GAWAI .
BT20CME111 ONKAR WAVHAL .
 POLLUTANT CHOSEN : SO2
• REASONS FOR TAKING THIS PROBLEM
1. India Growing manufacturing hub Need more energy

More SO2 emission Fulfilled by Coal

2. Global annual loss due to Acid rain : 100 Billon US Dollar (i.e 3% of Global economy )
from World Bank.

3. Why Bio-desulphurisation : i) Consume less energy.

ii) Gives nearly no waste Byproduct.
iii) A sustainable method.
 SOURCE : COAL
1. COAL RESOURCES ESTIMATION – OVER 861 BILLION TONS .
2. INDIA ACCOUNTS FOR 286 BILLON TONS OF COAL RESOURCE.

Category Wise Coal Reserve (in Million tons)

STATE PROVED INDICATED INFERRED TOTAL
West Bengal 13723 12954 4990 31667
Bihar 0 0 1354 1354
Jharkhand 44341 31876 6223 82440
Madhya Pradesh 11269 12760 3645 27673
Chhattisgarh 19997 34462 2202 56661
Uttar Pradesh 884 178 0 1062
Maharashtra 7038 3158 2063 12259
Orissa 34810 34060 8415 77285
 COMPOSITION OF
COAL COMPOSITION OF FLUE
Coal Composition GAS
Component Unit Composition
Ultimate Analysis As received , wt% Oxygen Vol% 4.55
Carbon 63.75 Carbon Dioxide Vol% 15.39
Hydrogen 4.50 Carbon Monoxide Ppm 99
Nitrogen 1.25
Sulphur Dioxide Ppm 214
Sulfur 2.51
Sulphur Trioxide Ppm 0.5
Chlorine 0.29
Nitrogen Monoxide Ppm 1749
Ash 9.70
Nitrogen Dioxide Ppm 1.9
Moisture 11.12
Average Duct °C 362
Oxygen 6.88 Temperature
 HAZARDS
MAJOR HAZARDS DUE TO SO2 ARE :-

• A) Acid rain

Corrosion of water
Deforestation pipes and leaching of Death of Aquatic Damage Buildings and
and agriculture heavy metals like Iron , life due to low PH Monuments
loss Lead and Copper .
 DATA FROM CPCB (Atmospheric emissions of SO2)
Pollutant Time Industrial/Resident Ecologically Methods of
weighted ial/Rural and other Sensitive Area mesurement
Average Area

Sulphur dioxide Annual* 50 50 Improved West

(SO2)(µg/m3) and Gaeke
method
24 hours** 80 80 Ultraviolet
fluorescence

*Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site taken
twice a week 24 hourly at uniform intervals .

**24 hours monitored values as applicable shall be compiled with 98% of time in year . 2% of
the time ,they may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.
 INDUSTRY – EMISSIONS FROM
THERMAL POWER PLANT .
Parameter Standards
TPPs (units) installed upto 31st December 2016*
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 600 mg/Nm3 (For Units Smaller than 500MW
capacity units)

200mg/Nm3 (for units having capacity of

500 MW and above)
TPP's (units) to be installed from 1 January, 2017**
Sulphur Dioxide (SO₂) 100 mg/Nm3

*TPPs (units) shall meet the limits within two years from date of publication of this
notification.
**Includes all the TPPS (units) which have been accorded environmental clearance and
are under construction.
 MICROWAVE
DESULPHURISATION
• Microwave Chemistry: Microwave chemistry is the science of applying microwave
radiation to chemical reactions.

• How do microwave Generate heat: The absorbed radiation will generate heat in two
ways. One of these is due to the dielectric relaxation of the dipolar molecules present in the
material. The other mechanism of heat dissipation is due to the interaction of the electric
field with the conductivity caused by free ions.

• Microwave v/s conductive heating

 PRINCIPLE AND CHARACTERISTIC OF
MICROWAVE DESULPHURISATION
• FeS2 + (H-Coal) Fe1-xS + H2S 0< x <0.125

• Fe1-xS + (H-Coal) FeS + H2S

• As seen in the above reaction, pyrite changes into pyrrhotine (Fe1-xS) and
troilite (FeS)
• FeS2 Fe1-xS FeS

• Pyrrhotine (Fe1-xS) and troilite (FeS) can be removed by acid washing, since
they are soluble in acid
 KELLAND MICROWAVE DESULPHURISATION PROCESS
Untreated
pulverised coal

Step 1: Preferential heat treatment (microwave irradiation)

in presence of flowing gas to convert weakly paramagnetic Remove and trap
pyrite toward strongly ferromagnetic and catalytic troilite sulphur containing
or pyrrhotile gases

Step 2: React organic sulphur with hydrogenation Remove organic

agent in presence of catalyst troilite or pyrrhotite sulphur as H2S
produced in step1

Step 3: Separate remaining inorganic iron sulfide Remove iron sulphide

(mainly monoclinic pyrrhotite) from coal using
magnetic separation.
Remove iron sulphide
Step 4: Add an organic flocculant (sodium and non pyritic minerals
heptadecyl sulphate) to associate non pyritic
mineral with pyrrhotite.
 DESULFURIZATION OF COAL WITH ALKALINE
SOLUTIONS CONTAINING DISSOLVED OXYGEN

 INTRODUCTION :
1) We can extract sulphur pyrite by using leaching
method in basic solution With containing dissolved oxygen .

2) Rate of extraction of sulphur in basic medium is greater than that of neutral

medium.

3) Basic solution containing NaOH and O2 can extract a significant portion of

organic sulphur as well as inorganic sulphur .
CHEMICAL PROCESS :

In presence of
Ferric sulphate is reacted with ferric water
Ferrous sulphate , sulphuric acid
sulphite and elemental sulphur.

We can
reuse in
initial
reaction
In presence
of oxygen

Ferrous sulphate is reacted

Get Ferric sulphate
with sulphuric acid
KEY POINTS :

1) Western Kentucky and Lovilia coals, -400 mesh size, precleaned by treating
with trichloroethylene, were leached for 2 hr. at 130°C and 275 lb./ sq. in.
(absolute) oxygen partial pressure .

2) The concentration of sodium carbonate in the leaching solution was 0.2,

1.0 or 2.0 M.

3) the rate of desulfurization can be increased by reducing the size of the coal
and/or pyrite particles.
4) At higher temperature ( 150 ‘ – 200’c) seems to be required with the acidic
solutions to remove organic sulphur .
# Chemical reactions :

4.6 fe2(SO4)3 + 4.8 H2O + feS2 => 10.2 feSO4 + 4.8 H2SO4 + 0.8S.

2 feSO4 + H2SO4 + 0.5 O2 => fe2(SO4)3 + H2O .

# Performance :
reduction of sulphur : with out Na2CO3 : 58% Sulphur.
with Na2CO3 ( 0.05 M) : 66% Sulphur.

# Advantages :

for Na2CO3 : Low cost , relatively non corrosive to wards steel.

# Disadvantages :
Further increases in the alkali concentration improved only slightly on the total sulphur
reduction, while at higher concentrations the total sulphur reduction and heating value recovery even
decreased.
 The optimum concentration was found to be 0.15-0.2 M sodium carbonate, with
approximately 71% reduction in total sulphur.

Effect of sodium carbonate concentration on oxydesulphurization

of coal
 PROPOSED METHOD :-
MICROBIAL DESULPHURIZATION OF COAL
Introduction-
Two groups of microorganisms can remove pyritic sulfur from coal –
1. Microbes active at room tempreture.

Consists -
1. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans . 2. Thiobacillus thiooxidans 3. other thionic bacteria of same
class.

2.Microbes  active at high tempretures (Thermophiles).

Consists –
2. Sulfolovus acidocaldarius 2. Sufovacillus thermosulfidooxidans
3. Sulfolobus brierlegi 4.Sulfolovus sulfataricus
 MECHANISMS OF MICROBIAL DESULPHURIZATION OF COAL:-

A] Microbial Pyrite oxidation for Pyritic sulphur removal

It utilizes thiobacillus and ferrodoxians desulphurize pyritic sulphur .

Two mechanisms :-
1. Direct Mechanism :-

FeS2 + 7/2 O2 + H2O  FeSO4 + H2SO4

2FeSo4 + ½ O2 + H2SO4  Fe2(SO4)3 + SO4

 
FeS2 + Fe2(SO4)3  3 FeSO4 + 2 S
2. INDIRECT MECHANISM :-

1.Organic sulfur is attacked by T. ferrooxidans. T. thiooxidans, and other acid-tolerant bacteria,

to generate sulfuric acid .

2. Fe2+  Fe 3+
3. Overall reaction is :-

4 FeS2 + 15 O2 + 2 H2O  2Fe2 SO4 + 2 H2SO4

4. Further other reactions takes place and FeSO4 is converted into elemental
sulfur .
5. Soon the reaction reaches accumulation due to excess formation of
elemental sulfur .
6. Thus , Thiobacillus ferrodoxins convert this elemental sulfur into sulfuric
acid
2S + 3 O2 + 2 H2O  2 H2SO4
 Mechanisms for removal of Organic sulphur :-
1. Established Pathway :-
2. 4-S Pathway
3. Modified Pathway :-
Advantages :-
1.Removes high amount of pyritic sulphur and significant amount of organic sulphur .
2. Low energy requirement during operation .
3. Low operating costs .
4.Does’nt reduce the heating value of product coal .
5. Helpful in removal of finely distributed pyritic sulphur , which cannot be
removed by physical methods .

Disadvantages :-
1. Takes long bioprocessing time (days to months ).
2. production of acidic and corrosive leaching effluents .
3. whole method is sensitive to different factors like tempreture , energy source ,
mechanical disturbance , infection with other microbial species .
Commercial Aspect :-