Safety procedures, Emer.

Procedures, Decompression &

Emer. equipments
Prepared by:
INST. SHIREEN M. TAHER
 Chain of Command

The Chain of Command will be in the

following order:
– Commander.
– In-flight Relief Captain - if carried.
– First Officer.
– In-flight Relief First Officer - if carried.
– Senior Cabin Attendant
– Other cabin crew in order of seniority.
• Cooperation and coordination
• Effective cooperation and coordination is
teamwork. High mutual assistance, low
discord and timely communication and
feedback all contribute towards effective
cooperation and coordination. Cooperation
and coordination assist Crew to function
effectively, make decisions and mitigate
problems as they arise
 Responsibilities & Authority of the Cabin Crew Member

Responsibilities of Cabin Crew members:

 Co-operate always with the rest of the crew to ensure the
highest safety and efficiency standards during all flight stages.
 Co-operate with all personnel involved with the flight, like
ground staff, in order to ensure all Company regulations are
complied with.
 In case of a Crew change, the outgoing Cabin Crew members
will provide the incoming Cabin Crew members with complete
and precise hand-over information.
 Report any detail, general or specific, which may be
considered unsafe impracticable, or against the Company
interests, as well as any other aspect which may be improved.
Senior cabin crew
His/her functions, duties and responsibilities are but not limited to:

 Being responsible to the commander for the conduct and co-ordination of

normal and emergency procedure(s) specified in the Operations Manual.
 Ensure and organize passenger service is of high quality standards as
expected during the flight and is according to the company procedures.
 Pre-flight cabin crew briefing to include questions and answers related to
safety equipment and SOPs and SEPs (including first Aid).
 Monitor security checks.
 Monitor and demand compliance of all the specific tasks assigned to cabin
crew members and fulfillment of their tasks at their assigned position.
 Check the Cabin log Book upon arrival to the aeroplane and informing the
commander if there is any entry.
 Organize efficient service and customer care during the flight.
 Maintain a through and up to date knowledge of the Cabin Crew Safety
Operations Manual relative to their duties and the duties of the Cabin Crew.
 Inform the Commander about anomalies which could be dangerous or
endanger flight safety.
 Promote a co-operative, teamwork environment on board the aeroplane.
 Ensure that all passengers comply with the mandatory safety regulations.
 Comply with and ensure Cabin Crew comply with grooming and uniform
regulations.
 Report on the Cabin log Book any damage or malfunctions observed,
informing the commander.
 Comply with all necessary flight paperwork.
 Ensure the medical and safety equipment located in the passengers’ cabin
is checked.
 Verify cabin is secured before each take-off and landing.
Responsibility and authority of the pilot in command.
(a) The pilot in command of an aircraft is directly
responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the
operation of that aircraft.
(b) In an in-flight emergency requiring immediate action,
the pilot in command may deviate from any rule of this
part to the extent required to meet that emergency.
(c) Each pilot in command who deviates from a rule
under paragraph (b) of this section shall, upon the
request of the Administrator, send a written report of
that deviation to the Administrator.
REPORTING TIME

The reporting time is usually one hour and thirty minutes

(1.30)on narrow body A/C & 2 h. on wide body A/C
before EDT (Estimated Departure Time). The reporting
time could be change for operative reasons. In that
case, the cabin crew will be notified in advance.
If a delay is known, with enough advance notice, the crew
will be notified as soon as possible in order to delay the
report.
 Fitness to Operate

• A crew member shall not perform duties

on an aeroplane if he knows or suspects
that he is suffering from fatigue, or feels
unfit to the extent that the flight may be
endangered.
• Sterile Flight Deck
• The specific purpose of this procedure is to mitigate
the risks linked to errors due to disturbance or
distraction of the flight crew during phases of flight
where the flight crew must be able to focus on their
duties.
• Sterile flight deck applied to cabin crew means that
during the critical phases of the fight, below 10,000
feet,
• cabin crew must not contact flight deck, UNLESS IT
IS AN EMERGENCY.
Sterile Flight Deck and Critical Phases of Flight
 
Except when giving " Cabin Secure " for Take - off or Landing , No Person will
enter or call the Flight Deck during the following phases of flight:
  Sterile Flight Deck
Take - off
Final warning for take - off until the " Seat Belt " Sign is switched OFF in
flight.
Landing
" Seat Belt " sign switched ON for descent until the aircraft has been parked at
the gate and the " Seat Belt " sign has been switched OFF .
Critical phases of flight
Take – off ------
Final warning for take - off until gears are fully retracted
Landing -----
Final warning for landing until A/C is clear of active Runway.
• PRE-FLIGHT SAFETY BRIEFING
• The pre-flight briefing is an important component to flight preparations.
Communication and coordination between the Flight Crew and Cabin
Crew is crucial and is an integral part of specific normal, abnormal and
emergency procedures. A joint briefing enhances the One Team – One
Crew concept and enhances the team/Crew spirit between all members of
the Crew in general and especially between Flight Crew and Cabin Crew;
this in turn has a positive impact on the safety of the flight. A process
would be necessary to ensure a Flight and Cabin Crew coordination
briefing prior to each flight addresses relevant safety subjects (e.g., sterile
• flight deck, security, aircraft technical issues, Flight Crew incapacitation,
cabin depressurization, on board fire, emergency evacuation, forced
landing or ditching.)
• Every cabin crew member must participate in a pre-flight safety briefing
before flight. The briefing should take place at the aircraft and it will be
carried out by the Commander of the flight.
• The Commander of the flight is responsible for conducting the pre-flight
briefing of all operating cabin crew. The preferred technique of briefing a
crew is using a combination of individual questions as well as setting a
scenario where possible, thus involving the whole crew.
• Senior Cabin Crew Briefing
• The first 5 minutes must be used for essential
operational administrative and service cabin crew duties
including:
•  Check cabin crew member(s) have a valid Licence,
passport, medical certificate, IRAQI AIRWAYS
Identification Card.
•  Check cabin crew grooming.
•  Confirm service for the flight.
•  Discuss a suitable time with the flight crew for the
serving of flight crew meals and drinks.
POST FLIGHT DEBRIEFING
After each flying day the operating Senior Cabin Crew
must complete a debriefing with their crew. As a guide
the following areas can be covered
Ensure all paperwork is completed and faxed to relevant
department (if applicable)
 Discuss any issues arising from the day with the crew –
involve the pilots if necessary (feedback from
assessments should be delivered 1 to 1 after the debrief)
 Discuss uniform standards throughout the day:
Passenger Briefing Procedures
IRAQI AIRWAYS Operations Manual specifies the requirements for the briefing of
passengers about safety related matters in normal and abnormal circumstances.
Passenger briefings will be made according to the phase of flight and situation.
Depending on the number of passengers and type of aeroplane, passenger
briefings may be conducted using the PA system or by the cabin crew giving
personal briefings to each passenger.
Embarkation Briefing
As they board the aircraft, passengers must be briefed on:
 Smoking regulations;
 Stowage of hand baggage;
 Restrictions on the use of mobile telephones and other electronic devices.
Briefing of Passengers Over-Wing Emergency Window Exits
Time is critical during an emergency, and passengers seated adjacent to over-wing exits play a
very important role in assisting the Crew during an evacuation. All passengers must act
according to the Crew’s verbal commands during the evacuation process. The reaction of
passengers seated in an over-wing emergency exit row is even more crucial. The Crew
commands will vary depending on many factors, such as the nature and location of the
emergency, potential fire, and other dangers outside or inside the aircraft. Therefore, it is vital
that passengers seated in the over-wing emergency exit rows understand how and when to
open specific exits and, perhaps more importantly, when not to open them.
Prior to departure the Senior Cabin Crew should ensure that the Cabin Crew have briefed
passengers seated at an over-wing emergency window exit on.
When to use the exit:

 Only when advised by a Crew member or upon hearing the command to

evacuate
 How to open the exit (and perhaps as important when not to, e.g. In case of fire)
Should a passenger not be comfortable with, or capable of operating the
emergency exit, or cannot perform the procedures they were briefed on, or if the
Cabin Crew feel that the individual briefing information has not been clearly
understood by the passenger (language barrier) the Cabin Crew should assist in
reseating the passenger to another seat.
Pre take-off demonstration-Safety Demonstration
Cabin Crew members will go to the assigned positions for the demonstration taking
with them the Demonstration Kit (demo):
 1 Extension seatbelt
 1 Demo oxygen mask
 1 Demo life jacket
 1 safety briefing card
 Safety checks

The Senior Cabin Crew should check the Cabin Maintenance Logbook for any
outstanding items.
• The Captain and the Senior Cabin Crew should inform each other of any relevant items
which are unserviceable or missing with reference to the Technical Log or Cabin Log
Book. The Senior Cabin Crew should then inform the cabin crew of any relevant
defects.
•
• DOOR SECURITY STRAPS

• Each door is provided with an elastic strap which is placed at the panel beside. This
strap is to be used whenever the door is open and the finger/stair is not attached.
PRE-FLIGHT SAFETY EQUIPMENT CHECKS

It is the responsibility of cabin crew to perform the relevant pre-flight checks on the safety
equipment in the cabin. The pilots will check the equipment in the flight deck.
It is the responsibility of cabin crew to check that:
• The correct number of each item is on board.
• Stowed according to the equipment diagram.
• In good condition for use.

Jump Seats

Communication System
Toilets

Toilet safety checks must be completed prior to every departure as follows:

• Automatic fire extinguisher and water heater operational;
• Ensure that no cigarettes have been discarded;
• Smoke detector operational - not blocked and has not been tampered with;
• Waste flap closed and bin empty;
• Toilet flushing motor is not running continuously and toilet lid down;
• General serviceability of the area.
• On your first flight on the aircraft the toilet call bell must be checked to ensure that it is
working.

If there is any item which is missing, used, expired or not in good condition, the cabin
crew in charge of the check must inform the Senior Cabin Crew immediately and the
Senior Cabin Crew will inform Captain and Maintenance Personnel.
UNSERVICEABLE TROLLEYS

Prior to the flight

Cabin crew in charge of supervising the catering will ensure all trolleys on board are
operative and equipped with braking devices. If one of the trolleys is unserviceable it
should be off loaded and not used for the service.
During flight
• If a defective braking device or another defect is discovered during flight
• The trolley or car will be stowed and not used for the service.
• The Senior Cabin Crew will label the trolley to make it identifiable.
• The Senior Cabin Crew will write an entry in the Cabin Maintenance Logbook indicating
the defect.
• The trolley will be withdrawn for repair at the end of the flight.
The emergency demonstration will include the following:
1. Use of seatbelts.
2. Location of the emergency exits and emergency lighting.
3. Location and use of the oxygen masks.
4. Location and use of the life vests.
5. Location of the Safety Card.
The following rules apply to demonstrations:
 The use of oxygen masks in flight is mandatory when the cruising level
be above flight level 25000 ft, or the minimum flight altitude on any parts
of the route is more than 14000ft;
 The location and use of the life-jackets is mandatory if any part of the
take-off or approach path will be over water or when any part of the flight
will be over water at a distance of more than 50 NM from the shore.
• SEATING REQUIREMENTS FOR MASS AND
BALANCE PURPOSES
• The Commander will advise the cabin crew if
there are any restrictions applicable to
passenger seating which will affect the loading
and balance of the aeroplane. Passengers
should be seated accordingly for take-off and
landing and confirmation must be given to the
Commander by the cabin crew.
PASSENGER SEAT ALLOCATION/RESTRICTIONS
Care must be taken to ensure that passengers are seated where, in the event of
an emergency evacuation being required; they may best assist rather than
hinder the evacuation from the aircraft. Seats at over wing exit areas should
have at least two passengers seated adjacent to each exit. Only those
passengers who are considered to be physically capable of removing over wing
exits or opening exit doors should be seated there.
Passengers should be seated where they will not obstruct safety equipment or
exits, or otherwise impede the crew in carrying out their duties. These include:
1. Passengers who are physically or mentally impaired to the extent that they
would have difficulty in moving quickly if asked to do so.
2. Passengers whose sight or hearing is impaired to the extent that they might not
readily become aware of instructions given to begin evacuating the aeroplane.
3. Passengers under the age of 15 and infants, even though they are
accompanied by an adult.
4. Passengers in custody and those who are being deported; and
5. Passengers whose physical size would prevent them from being able to move
quickly.
6. Pregnant women.
7. Any person who sits in an exit seat and is deemed incapable of operating that
exit must be re-seated prior to take-off.
• ASSISTANCE OF ABLE BODIED PASSENGERS (ABPS)
• The International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) defines able-
bodied passengers as passengers selected by Crew members to
assist in managing emergency situations if and as required
• SELECTION OF ABLE BODIED PASSENGERS
• Cabin crew are responsible for the selection, positioning and briefing
of able bodied passengers in their own designated areas. During
passenger boarding, a mental note should be made of possible able
bodied passengers.
• Remember they are selected not only for their size or physical ability,
but for the responsibility which they may have to undertake. Obvious
choices would be passengers, who have undergone airline safety
training, e.g. pilots, cabin crew or
• people who may have undergone emergency training e.g. Navy, Army,
Air force, Police, Fire Services and Medical Personnel.
• Persons selected and briefed as able bodied passengers must be
over the age of 16 years and be both physically and mentally fit.
 Special Category of Passengers

• Unaccompanied Minors
• An unaccompanied minor (UMNR) is a child above 8
(eight) but below 16 (sixteen) years
• Groups of Children
• Passengers with Disabilities or Reduced Mobility
• Passengers on Stretchers
• Passengers Needing Oxygen
• Passengers Travelling with Syringes
• Inadmissible Passengers, Deportees and Persons
in Custody
 Deportee vs. Inadmissible

• Inadmissible Passengers

• A passenger who is refused admission to a country by the

authorities of such country or who is refused onward carriage by a
Member or government authority at a point of transfer, e.g. due to
lack of a visa, expired passport, etc.
• These passengers may be refused admission for not complying with
the entry regulations of the destination and/or transit country
documentation irregularities: fake documents, expired passport, lack
of documents, etc. Handling agents must precede according
established in IRAQI AIRWAYS Security programme
Unaccompanied or Accompanied Travel In general, INADs travel
without being accompanied. INADs need to be accompanied if the
INAD physically resists carriage;
he has already been denied transportation by another airline;
• There is any sign he might endanger the safety of the flight or passengers.
• For the above reasons, unaccompanied INADs may also be refused at any stage.

Refusal
If an INAD resists transportation or gives rise to the assumption that he/she will be the source of
annoyance to other passengers or crew members, then only accept him/her according to the
procedure for DEPA.
Refuse the carriage of deportees or inadmissible passengers if they are likely to:
• involve any risk to the safety of the flight;
• involve any hazard or risk to himself, other passengers or crew members;
• cause discomfort or make himself objectionable to other passengers;
• require special assistance from ground or in-flight staff.

When INAD were refused by Commander, handling agent must notify it to IRAQI AIRWAYS OCC or
Security Officer.
INAD handling procedures
The “INAD” Code shall be recorded in the relevant Crew Information form or PIL or PSM.
Whenever an inadmissible passenger (INAD) is carried to his / her
destination:
 He/she shall board first;
 He/she shall disembark last under the supervision of the Cabin Crew
Members.
 The Passenger handling personnel shall (in coordination with the Police)
escort the passenger to the aircraft, and shall introduce the passenger to
the Senior Cabin Crew Member.
 The commander shall be entitled to be informed of the reason for refusal.
 Flight crew, transit/transfer stations, Airline Security Department and
destination station should always be
informed when an inadmissible passenger is on-board. A copy of the form,
or an equivalent form issued by the local authority, duly completed and
signed by the authority must be given to the Commander and must
in addition be faxed to IRAQI AIRWAYS Security Department.
LIMITATIONS : There are no limitations regarding the number of INAD
passengers carried in a flight.
• Deportees

• DEPO is used to designate a deportee: that was formally ordered by the

authorities to leave that State; who is under arrest who has to be transported to
another State for legal reasons; who has applied for asylum and is transferred
to the state responsible for the application; described by the term “Dublin
Convention” as reasons for transportation.
• • DEPA – deportee accompanied: A deportee who is escorted by security
escorts during flight
• • DEPU – deportee unaccompanied: A deportee who is not escorted by security
escorts during flight. The responsibility for deportees lies fully with the state(s)
concerned.

• Deportees will be accepted for carriage only on request of an Authority and upon
operating airline approval.
• Refusal
• If a DEPO resists transportation or gives rise to the assumption that he/she will be the
source of annoyance to other passengers or crew members, then only accept him/her

according to the procedure for DEPA

• SEATING
• Assign inadmissible passengers,
deportees and their escorts seats in the
rear of the cabin, but not directly adjacent
to exits, in accordance with operating
airline policy
• Limtation
• Up to 4 DEPO (2 DEPU and 2 DEPA)
passengers may be admitted per flight
• Cabin baggage
• Passenger may carry only one carry-on luggage item not heavier than 7 kg economy class
• and 10 kg business class with dimensions of 55 х 40 х 20 centimetres
•
• CARRIAGE OF WEAPONS
• Passengers are not allowed to carry any kind of weapon in the cabin.
• There are two categories of weapons:
•  Firearms
•  Other weapons
• Firearms:
•  Rifles
•  Shotguns
•  Pistols
•  Machine-guns etc.
• Other weapons:
•  Knifes
•  Scissors
• Toy guns
•  Base ball bats
•  Harpoons
•  Swords etc.
 AFTER PASSENGERS BOARDING
Passenger Head Counts
The senior cabin crew will ensure that the number of passengers on board is correct. The
number must coincide with that on the load sheet and with the information given by
ground handling personnel.
Senior cabin crew and cc3 will be in charge of head-counting. The senior cabin crew
must inform the commander and the ground handling agent of the exact number of
passengers on board and how they are distributed in the cabin.
The senior cabin crew will then proceed to the flight deck and inform the commander of
the number of passengers on board (including infants) and request permission to
close the doors.
 
“MAY I CLOSE THE DOORS?”

The commander will acknowledge the report, and confirm to the senior cabin crew that the doors may
be closed by using the phrase:
 
“CLOSE THE DOORS”
 Doors closed
Escape slides must be armed prior to departure in order that they would act as means of assisting
passengers to the ground in the event of an evacuation.
After the senior cabin crew grants permission to close the doors, he/she will give the following
command, via pa:
“Cabin crew arm your doors and cross check”
 
Note: the aeroplane doors will be armed only after the aeroplane has moved away from the boarding
steps or the air-bridge.
Once the rear doors are armed, cc3 will respond on the pa:
 
“2L-2r doors armed and cross check ok”
 
Senior cabin crew will cross check doors armed with cc2 and then will inform the commander (in
person):
 
“All doors armed cross check ok”
 
Upon leaving the flight deck, the senior cabin crew will turn the flight deck door arming switch to “on”
and close the flight deck door.
 Re-opening doors
In a non-standard situation that requires a door to be re-opened after the slides
have been armed, the following procedure must be followed:
Communication to be established between the commander and the senor cabin
crew.
Commander to give authorisation for the cabin doors to be disarmed and
reopened.
Commander to emphasise all doors to be disarmed following the sop
Cabin crew to complete full disarming procedure
Door opened on receiving a knock from outside
 De-icing/anti-icing
De-icing is the removal of ice, snow and frost from the surface of the aircraft.
Anti-icing is prevention of build-up of ice, snow and frost on the surface of the aircraft.
Cabin crew should be aware when icing conditions exist and where possible monitor the conditions of
the wings and any other external surfaces visible from the cabin, especially on the ground
Passengers can be the source of information regarding the ground de-icing process. They may report
the sighting of contamination on a wings’ surface, the presence of obnoxious fumes entering the
cabin as a result of discharging de-icing fluids into the inlet of the cabin air conditioning system,
or other concerns. The cabin crew are often the first to be made aware of a passengers’ concern
for safety.
The senior cabin crew should advise the commander:
If there appears to be ice or snow on the wings regardless as to whether the aeroplane has been de-
iced or not.
If any passenger sees any ice or snow on the wings. The report must not be dismissed as being trivial
or obtrusive.
De-icing of the aircraft
Once everybody is on board the aircraft, the commander will inform senior cabin crew and the senior
cabin crew will inform passengers.
Personal electronic devices
Fuelling With Passengers on Board
A member of the Flight Crew must be on the Flight Deck during refuelling/de-
fuelling, to co-ordinate the necessary precautions to be observed. Before
commencing fuelling, the Flight Crew will notify the Cabin Crew, informing them
personally or giving the following announcement via PA.
When passengers are to be allowed to board, disembark or remain on board during
refuelling, the following procedure is to be observed:
FUELLING WITH PASSENGERS ON BOARD PROCEDURES
Crew, ground staff and passengers are to be advised that fuelling is taking place.
1. FASTEN SEAT BELT signs must be OFF. NO SMOKING signs must be ON,
together with interior lighting to enable emergency exits to be identified.
2. Passengers are to be briefed to keep their seat belts unfastened until fuelling
has been completed and not to smoke at any time.
3. Cabin Crew should make a visual check to ensure passenger's seat belts are
unfastened.
4. No mobile telephones can be used on the aircraft whilst fuelling occurs.
5. There should be exits on the aircraft, therefore steps positioned on the front and
back doors. If a jet-bridge is being utilized – jet-bridge and back steps should be in
place.
6. At least one cabin crew member must be at each set of floor level exits to assist
in the event that an evacuation or an emergency should occur.
 CABIN SECURE PROCEDURE
.Doors: closed, slides armed and cross checked
.Emergency demonstration: completed
Baggage: Placed under seat properly restrained, no baggage on aisle or
.emergency exits.Overhead compartments: closed
.Passengers: seated, seatbelts fastened (including children and babies)
Seats in upright position, tables folded back, armrests down and window
.blinds fully open
Aisles, exits and bulkheads clear of baggage - baggage in overhead
compartment or under seat
Portable electronic devices (PEDs) switched off.Galleys: equipment and
.latches secure, electrical power switched off
.Curtains secured
.Toilets: unoccupied, doors closed and locked, toilet lid down
.Cabin lights: intensity adapted to the exterior light
.Cabin Crew: at their positions, fully harnessed
On completion of the cabin secure check, Senior Cabin Crew will inform the
flight crew, via interphone, that the cabin is secure. The following phrase must
be used:
“CABIN SECURE FOR TAKEOFF”
After receiving cabin secure report from the Senor Cain Crews, the First Officer
will say on the PA:
“CABIN BE SEATED FOR TAKEOFF”
Take-off may not be commenced until the secure report has been received and
the PA has been given.
The same procedure is applied for landing. Cabin will be secure after FASTEN
SEAT BELTS sings are switched on.
On completion of the cabin secure check, Senior Cabin Crew will inform the
flight crew, via interphone, that the cabin is secure. The following phrase must
be used:
“CABIN SECURE FOR LANDING”
After receiving cabin secure report from the Senor Cabin Crews, the First
Officer will say on the PA:
“CABIN CREW BE SEATED FOR LANDING”
• TURBULENCE
• Types of Air Turbulence
• Three levels of turbulence can be
encountered:
•  Light
•  Moderate
•  Severe
• Cabin Crew Duties during Turbulence
• Based on the level of turbulence described, the crew should be aware of the
appropriate actions to be taken with regard to service duties and passenger
management. Service may continue during light turbulence; however the
service of all hot beverages should stop. Cabin crew should complete a
seat belt compliance check to ensure passengers are fastened and the cabin is
secure. During a turbulence encounter above light, it is important to secure the
cabin and galley when conditions permit. The cabin crew, where possible will be
pre-warned that turbulence is to be encountered and that the passengers must
be advised to return to their seats and fasten their seat belts. The pilots will
advise the cabin crew what service may be continued and if they should be
seated themselves.
• Cabin crew, where possible will advise the passengers via the PA that turbulence
is expected and that they must return to their seats.
• Cabin crew must make a check of the cabin to ensure that passengers have
fastened their seat belts and that all hand baggage is secured.
• PILOT INCAPACITATION
• ICAO uses the expression total incapacitation in cases where the pilot is
completely unconscious, victim of a sudden and strong attack which makes
him/her lose control of the aeroplane before indicating his/her discomfort or
asking to be relieved from command. Sudden complete incapacitation may be
silent and have no prior warning. While it could happen at any stage of the flight,
the most critical situation would be during takeoff,approaching and landing.
• If the illness appears life threatening, then the senior cabin crew member must
be called to the flight deck with
• the PA:
• “Senior to the flight deck” or three double chimes can be used in the event
of a PA system failure. However, if the symptoms appear less than life
threatening, the cabin crew may be called by the use of the attendant call button
in the flight deck. It should be noted that on hearing the PA, “Senior to the flight
deck” if the SCC is occupied at the rear of the aircraft or in the toilet, the
nearest crew member to the flight deck must immediately go into the flight deck.
• The first cabin crew member who enters the flight deck will carry out the
following actions:
• INCAPACITATED PILOT REMAINS IN THE SEAT
• 1. Pull the pilot back by the shoulders – away from the controls.
• 2. Move the pilot’s seat backwards.
• 3. Lower both armrests
• 4. Place an arm across the pilot’s chest, to hold them back into the seat.
• 5. Operate the horizontal control with the other hand; move the seat back as far as possible.
• 6. Lift each knee to remove First aid - administer as necessary. A portable oxygen bottle from
the cabin should
• be used to administer oxygen if required (Quick Donning Mask). Call for medical assistance.
• 7. As the remaining pilot will require assistance, the cabin crew member must liaise with the
pilot as to what
• further duties or assistance is required of them.
• 8. the pilot’s feet from the rudder pedals.
• 9. Still holding the pilot upright, secure the five-point harness.
• 10.Lock the inertia reel shoulder straps with the locking lever on the inboard side of the seat
- and secure the
• hands inside the shoulder straps.
• INCAPACITATED PILOTS REMOVED FROM THE FLIGHT DECK
• 1. Take pilot’s feet off the pedals and pull back the pilot away from the control
column.
• 2. Slide seat well away from the controls by lifting fully along the track and
outboard until it locks in position.
• 3. Pull both armrests up.
• 4. Unlock harness by rotating the buckle. Be careful with the shoulder harness,
they will retract with
• significant speed and could hurt the pilot and the cabin crew helping him. Use
Rautek Manoeuver (See
• picture above).
• 5. Raise and hold pilot against your body, simultaneously raising him/her from seat.
• Consider the implications of removal of the incapacitated Crew member e.g.
•  Injury to the incapacitated pilot
•  Damage/interference to Flight Deck controls
• Cabin Crew Incapacitation
• In the event that a cabin crew member becomes ill or incapacitated to fulfill
duties set forth:
• 1) If a company pilot, technician or flight dispatcher is travelling as extra
crew member he will occupy the missing cabin crew member position during
take-off and landing.
• 2) If no company pilot technician or flight dispatcher is available to occupy
the missing cabin crew member seat, 50 passengers must be disembarked
• 3) If the number of passengers on-board the aircraft is below the number of
passenger per cabin crew member required for that aircraft when minimum
no disembarkation will be necessary. The passengers seated at the section
of the incapacitated cabin crew member will be relocated.
• 4) In case the incapacitated cabin crew member is the Senior Cabin Crew,
the Senior Cabin Crew responsibilities will fulfilled by the most senior cabin
crew member.
• VISIT TO FLIGHT DECK BY PASSENGERS AND
POSITIONING CREWMEMBERS

• Positioning crewmembers should avoid completely any social visit

to the flight deck. If there is some operational requirement for
them to visit the flight deck, they should ensure that the entry is
made in such a manner as to avoid comment from other
passengers.
• No person may be allowed in the flight deck if their presence may
disturb the normal duties of the operating crew. Therefore
permission of entry to the flight deck is subject to the
Commander’s discretion.
• CABIN FIRES

• Fires are a serious event on board an aircraft. To prevent an on board fire the
cabin crew must eliminate any potential hazard, situation and detect the source of
the fire early. The cabin crew should be on alert for fire hazards such as
paper/debris in overhead compartments and ovens, spilled fats or oils in ovens,
cigarettes or smoldering items in waste containers, electrical appliances such as
ovens, coffee makers, passenger and crew cabin baggage including personal
electronic devices and dangerous goods.
• Fire protection is an integral part of the design of the modern aircraft. In the
passenger cabin all cabin crew and passenger seats are fire blocked, lavatories
are equipped with smoke detectors, and automatic fire extinguishers in each waste
container in the lavatory. Crew rest areas are equipped with smoke detectors and
extinguishers. Yet, cabin fires still occur. Sometimes a fire may not always be
obvious and smoke and flames may not always be visible, but there may be other
indications that a potential fire is in progress. Signs to be aware of include:
• − Fumes or unusual odors
• − Electrical malfunctions, for example, circuit breakers “tripping”
• − Noises, such as, popping, snapping or crackling, which may indicate electrical
arcing
• − Hot spots on sidewalls, floors, and panels should be investigated
•
• Fire Drill-General Procedure

• Whenever there is not a complete certainty about the origin of the fire or if it has been
fully extinguished, the aeroplane will proceed to land at the nearest airport available.
• • INFORM: Attract other cabin crew’s attention and establish simultaneous
communication with Flight Deck.
• • IDENTIFY/LOCATE THE FIRE: What type of fire is it? Locate the source
• • PREPARE: Don Protective Breathing Equipment and any other protection.
• • ATTACK: With a BCF extinguisher.
• • ELECTRICS: Remind Flight Crew of the electrics.
• • MONITOR: Maintain constant monitoring and cool the area once the fire has been
extinguished to prevent re-ignition.

•
• OVEN FIRE
•

• 1) Do not open it until fully prepared.

• 2) Switch off all electrical supplies and pull all circuit breakers
• 3) Open the door slowly, using the door or bulkhead as protection,
enough to insert the nozzle of the BCF fire extinguisher through.
• 4) Deliver a short blast of BCF and immediately close the door.
• 5) Close oven, wait a few seconds, check if fire has been extinguished
• 6) Monitor until the aeroplane has landed.
• 7) Establish simultaneous communication with Flight Deck.

•
• WASTE BIN FIRE
•

• 1) Switch off all electrical supply and pull circuit breakers close
to the area.
• 2) Immediately dampen the area with non-flammable liquids,
use water extinguisher.
• 3) Establish simultaneous communication with Flight Deck.
• 4) Deliver a short blast of BCF and immediately close the door.
• 5) Monitor until the aeroplane has landed

•
• GALLEY CURTAIN FIRES
•
• Using a BCF fire extinguisher:
• 1) Aim at the base of the fire and work upwards.
• 2) Remove the affected material, place in a
metallic container and dampen down with
water or other non-flammable liquid.

•
• UNDERFLOOR FIRES
•
• It is usually not possible to gain access to the
fire source in an underfloor fire especially if
only smoke is present.
• In this situation, use any pre-dampened
material such as curtains to try to prevent
further smoke from entering the cabin.
•
• TOILET FIRES
•

• 1) Check door temperature by touching the door with the back of your hand.
• 2) Establish simultaneous communication with Flight Deck.
• 3) Fight fire depending on door temperature

•
• If the door is cool:
•
• This would indicate that the fire is at an early stage:
• 1) Don smoke hood and protective gloves, have BCF fire extinguisher tested and ready.
• 2) Establish simultaneous communication with Flight Deck
• 3) Crouch down low to minimise the exposure to fire and smoke.
• 4) Open the door slowly with caution, not more than a few centimetres, using the door as protection.
• 5) Enter the toilet with caution – stay down low below smoke levels for optimum visibility.
• 6) Locate the fire source and carefully remove panels where necessary (If necessary use the axe)
• 7) Aim the nozzle of the BCF fire extinguisher at the source of the fire.
• 8) Discharge the BCF fire extinguisher at the base of the fire or as near to it as possible using short bursts.
• 9) If the fire re-ignites, discharge more BCF and repeat as necessary.
• 10) Check all surrounding areas for fire. This may include removing the waste bin or other units.
• 11) To prevent re-ignition, use water to damp down where appropriate.
• 12) Monitor the area and keep passengers away until the aircraft has landed.

•
• If the door is hot:
•
• This would indicate that the fire is severe and at a critical stage.
• 1) Don smoke hood and protective gloves, have BCF fire extinguisher tested and ready.
• 2) Establish simultaneous communication with Flight Deck.
• 3) Crouch low to minimise exposure to fire and smoke.
• 4) Open door slowly and cautiously, not more than a few centimetres, using the door or
bulkhead as protection.
• 5) Fully discharge a BCF fire extinguisher into the toilet compartment and immediately close
the door – leave for one minute.
• 6) Discharge another BCF fire extinguisher if necessary into the toilet compartment.
• 7) When there are no fames visible, enter the toilet, keeping low and locate the source of the
fire, carefully removing panels where necessary (If necessary use the axe).
• 8) Aim the BCF fire extinguisher at the source of the fire, discharging it as near to the base of
the fire as possible
• 9) If the fire re-ignites, discharge more BCF and repeat as necessary.
• 10) Check all surrounding areas, removing waste bins and other units if necessary.
• 11) Prevent re-ignition by damping down with water where appropriate.
• 12) Monitor the area and keep passengers away until the aircraft has landed

•
• HAND BAGGAGE FIRE
•

• 1) Immediately dampen the area with non-flammable liquid- or if

flames present, don smoke hood and protective gloves and
carefully discharge the BCF fire extinguisher into the area.
• 2) Check contents for further smouldering, ensuring that they are
thoroughly dampened down and places into a fire retardant bag.
• 3) Establish simultaneous communication with Flight Deck.
• 4) Check surrounding area and monitor for the duration of the
flight.

•
• SEAT FIRES
•

• 1) Keep passengers away from the affected area.

• 2) Immediately dampen the area with non-flammable
liquids, use water extinguisher.
• 3) Establish simultaneous communication with Flight Deck
• 4) Check surrounding area and monitor until the aeroplane
has landed

•
• ELECTRICAL FIRES
•

• 1) Switch off all electrical supply and pull circuit breakers

close to the area
• 2) Establish simultaneous communication with Flight Deck.
• 3) Use BCF extinguisher
• 4) Check surrounding area monitor until the aeroplane has
landed

•
• OVERHEAD COMPARTMENT FIRES
•
• The temperature of the outside of the compartment can give an immediate indication of the
location and severity of the fire. Use the back of your hand to gently touch the outside of
the locker and assess how hot it is. It is recommended that where possible the firefighter
stands at the opposite end to the hottest part of the locker when dealing with the situation.
• 1) Don smoke hood and protective gloves
• 2) Partially open the overhead locker, ensuring the contents do not fall out.
• 3) Discharge a BCF fire extinguisher into the overhead locker, close and monitor.
• 4) Re-open the overhead slowly, ensure the fire is out.
• 5) Remove the contents and use water or other non-flammable liquid, and then
dampen contents which have been on fire. Ensure this accomplished away from
electrical sources.
• 6) Check adjacent overhead lockers and surrounding areas for signs of heat, smoke
or fire and take appropriate action.
• 7) Establish simultaneous communication with Flight Deck.
• 8) Monitor the area until the aircraft has landed.

•
•

• 2) Establish simultaneous communication with Flight Deck.

• 3) Do not attempt to remove the battery from the device.
• 4) Discharge a small burst of BCF as required over the unit (do not attempt to remove
the battery).
• 5) Douse device with water (or other non-flammable liquid) to cool cells and prevent
ignition of adjacent areas.
• 6) Do not move the device, but move any equipment, hand baggage or other items away.
• 7) Do not cover or enclose the device.
• 8) Do not use ice or dry ice to cool the device.
• 9) Monitor for the duration of the flight.
• 10) After landing identify the device to ground personnel stating where it is stowed

•
• FLIGHT DECK FIRES
•
• The Commander may require the assistance of cabin crew to bring additional
backup equipment and extinguishers to the flight deck; the assistance may be
requested from the cabin crew by use of the interphone.
• Any fire or smoke involving instrumentation displays will be dealt with by the
Commander initiating Flight Deck Fire Drill. Only BCF extinguishers should be
used in the Flight Deck. The crew should be on 100% oxygen when using the
BCF because of the dangers associated with using this extinguisher in a
confined space. The Commander may require the assistance of Cabin Crew
to bring additional back-up equipment and extinguishers to the Flight Deck.
The Commander will contact the Cabin Crew via the interphone and Cabin
Crew should consider the use of a PBE before entering Flight Deck.
•
• IN-FLIGHT ENTERTAINMENT SYSTEM (IFE)
•

• 1) Immediately switch off the in-flight entertainment (IFE)

• 2) Establish simultaneous communication with Flight
Deck
• 3) Use BCF extinguisher.
• 4) Check surrounding area and monitor until the
aeroplane has landed

•
• CONCEALED FIRES
•
• If a fire occurs in an area that is difficult to access, the source of the fire will be
much more difficult to find. To locate the source, the Cabin Crew must search for
hot spots using the back of the hand to test panels for temperature. Once the
source has been located:
• 1) Lever open any panels using the fire axe, being careful not to damage
cables, wiring or pipes.
• 2) Establish simultaneous communication with Flight Deck
• 3) Discharge the BCF behind the panelling towards the source of the fire
• 4) Replace panelling immediately to contain the BCF
• 5) Discharge more BCF as necessary
• 6) Monitor the area until the aeroplane has landed.

•
• CATERING EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES FIRES
•
• Water heaters/beverage makers are standard equipment in each galley. In the event of a fire, the following
procedure should be carried out
• 1) Switch off the electrical supply and pull the circuit breakers.
• 2) Establish simultaneous communication with Flight Deck
• 3) Standby and monitor the situation with a BCF fire extinguisher, which should be tested and ready for
use. Have a crash axe, smoke hood and protective gloves ready for use.
• 4) If the fire doesn't extinguish, don smoke hood and protective gloves.

• 5) Deliver a short blast of BCF to the seat of the fire.

• 6) Monitor the situation, repeat the procedure if necessary.
• 7) Check all surrounding areas for signs of fire, be aware of the potential for the fire to spread to a
nearby appliance. Water cannot be used to cool down an electrical fire such as in a beverage maker.
• 8) Switch off all galley electrics in BOTH galleys by pulling circuit breakers and ensure they remain
pulled for the remainder of the flight.

•
• Smoke, Fumes and Burning Odours

• Not all smoke, fumes and burning odours are

related to a fire. For example, smoke may result
from de-icing fluids being ingested by the
engines, burning smells may be a new
refrigeration compressor. Nevertheless, always
report such incident and investigate to ensure no
danger exists.
• EMERGENCY LANDING
•

• Planned emergency landing/ditching

• On hearing the PA from the pilots at 500 feet (approximately 30 seconds

before landing), "Brace, brace", Cabin crew must adopt the crew emergency
brace position and shout loudly to passengers: "Brace, brace" to instruct
passengers to adopt the brace position.

• Unplanned Emergency Landing/Ditching

• On hearing the PA from the pilots: "Brace, brace" Cabin crew must adopt the
crew emergency brace position and shout loudly to passengers: "Brace, brace"
to instruct passengers to adopt the brace position.
• Unplanned –An incident or emergency developing without warning. No
time to preparation.
• Planned –Where time and knowledge allow preparations to be carried
out while airborne in the event an evacuation becomes necessary after
landing. There is time to prepare the evacuation.
• General Cabin Crew members’ behaviour

• In order to ensure a successful outcome of emergency procedures (it

is impossible to create a procedure for every eventuality, Cabin Crew
members must be aware of their individual duties and must work
together as a team, in a calm and professional manner.
• Although some emergencies are expected, they will never be identical;
this is why there are Safety and Emergency Procedures (SEPs).
• PLANNED EMERGENCY

• Standard emergency call-outs are established to

enable clear and concise instructions or
commands between all Crew members. It is
essential that standard emergency call-outs are
made by the Flight Crew and will only be used in
case of an emergency.
• EMERGENCY DRILL
•
• 1
• ALERT CALL
•
• 2
• NITS BRIEFING
•
• 3
• EMERGENCY P.A
•
• 4
• ABPs. BRIEFING
•
• 5
• CABIN SECURE
•
• 6
• LANDING/DITCHING PROCEDURES
•
• 7
• BRACE POSITIONS
•
• 8
• OPEN/OPERATE EXITS
•
• 9
• EVACUATE
•
• 1. alert call

• There are three types of alert calls. One of them indicates the pilots require Immediate
communication with the SCC, another indicates potential emergency Situation and the
third indicates an emergency.
• Immediate Communication
• “SENIOR TO THE INTERPHONE”
• “ATTENTION! CREW AT STATIONS”
• This indicates to the cabin crew that the pilots are aware of a potential emergency
situation.
• On hearing this pa cabin crew must immediately:
• − Interrupt their duty and return to their door of responsibility
• − Stow away any catering equipment
• − Await for further instructions from the pilots
• Remain vigilant in the cabin
• 2. Emergency
• “SENIOR TO THE FLIGHT DECK”

• 3. Nits Briefing
• Whilst on the flight deck the SCC
• will be briefed by the commander. The contents of the briefing will
• include:

• Nature of the emergency:

• Engine fire.
• − Decompression.
• − Pilot incapacitation.
• − Undercarriage malfunction, etc.
• Intentions of the commander:
• − Diversion.
• − Emergency landing.
• − Full evacuation, etc.
• Time Available:
• − How Long Before Landing.
• Special Instructions:
• − Exits available.

• Possibility of fire.
• − Attitude of the aeroplane after landing.
• − Evacuation using steps or slides.
• − Re-location of passengers, etc.
•
• 4. Emergency Passengers Announcements

• The SCC or designated cabin crew member makes the emergency PA. All other cabin crew members take
up a position in the cabin equally spaced in order that all passengers can see them easily. These cabin
crew demonstrate the exits, emergency lights (and own life jacket) following the order of the PA.
• Firm passenger control is of the upmost importance. This is best done by providing information and
instructions in a calm, professional manner. The individual making the emergency pa should ensure they
accommodate the speed of the announcement to the needs of the demonstrating crew. When giving the
emergency PA, time must be given for passengers to comply with specific instructions e.g. ‘put your seats
upright’.
• After the PA crew must brief passengers in their area of responsibility on:
• − Seat belt; how to unfasten and fasten.
• − Brace position.
• − Exits
• − How to done the life jacket – (real cabin crew’s life jacket to be used for demonstration - not the demo life
jacket).

• The demonstrating cabin crew should ensure that all passengers in their area of responsibility fully
understand the requirements of the emergency pa.
• 5. ABPs briefing

• Cabin crew should explain the operation of their individual exit(s) to

able bodied passengers where possible:
• − WHEN………to open the exit.
• − HOW………..to open the exit.
• − WHAT………to expect.

• Ensure simple instructions are given and check able bodied

passengers understanding. Cabin crew should explain the operation
of infant flotation aids to all adults with infants in their area of
responsibility).
• 6. Cabin Secure

• The cabin secure check should be completed but extra care should be taken.
Additional items such as removal of high heeled shoes and sharp objects
should be considered. When cabin crew are satisfied that equipment and
baggage is safely stowed in their area of responsibility, they should report it.
• The cabin secure check should be completed but extra care should be taken.
• Additional items such as removal of high heeled shoes and sharp objects
should be considered. When cabin crew are satisfied that equipment and
baggage is safely stowed in their area of responsibility, they should report as
detailed in the type specific chapters.
• SCC reports ‘Cabin secure’ to the commander and ascertains time remaining
before landing. If sufficient time remains, repeat the exits to be used over the
PA.
7. Landing/Ditching Procedures

Cabin crew should already be seated when passing Cabin Secured to the Flight Deck. At
approximately 1,000 feet the flight crew will make the command over PA:
“CABIN CREW TAKE YOUR POSITIONS”
This indicates that landing/ditching is imminent and if for any reason cabin crew
Members are not in their seats they must take them immediately

8. Brace Positions

On hearing the pa from the pilots at 500 feet (approximately 30 seconds before landing),

“BRACE”

Cabin crew should shout loudly “BRACE”

Then adopt their emergency brace position. They should continue to shout this until The
aircraft comes to a complete stop.
9. Open/Operate Exits

Once the aircraft has come to a complete stop and on hearing the pa “attention! Crew at stations”
command, cabin crew must go to their door of responsibility and Check outside conditions while waiting
for further instructions.
Crew members must be aware that they may be responsible for more than one exit And must remain
situationally aware in case of incapacitation of other crew Members. In an unplanned emergency
passengers will not have been briefed on the Operation of floor level exits, crew must remain vigilant
with regard to passengers Actions giving them commands to assist with exits/crowd control as required.
Any cabin crew member stationed adjacent to the emergency light switch in the Cabin should activate it
to ensure lights are switched on.

On hearing command from pilots:

“EVACUATE”
Cabin crew will shout
“OPEN YOUR SEATS BELT” “GET OUT”

Cabin crew must check their exits for outside hazards.

: Be aware that after landing the outcome may not be to evacuate and could result in
The command from the pilot
“REMAIN SEATED”
10.Evacuate

Emergency landing
Evacuate via assigned exit, if safe to do so, or nearest available exit. If cabin crew believe it is safe to do so,
check the cabin, flight deck and remove any available items of safety equipment.
Post evacuation
− Direct and assemble passengers at least 200 metres away from the aircraft, upwind.
− Administer first aid if necessary.
− Carry out a head count of all passengers and crew.

DITCHING

If possible, evacuate via an exit on the same side of the aircraft as the exit to which the crew member was
assigned.
Post Evacuation
− Assemble passengers together instructing them to form a circle looking inwards and to link arms to
maintain body heat and adopt the huddle position ( foetal position)
− Infants/small children in flotation aids and injured passengers should be positioned in the centre of the
circle.
− Administer first aid if necessary.
− Cabin crew should position themselves within the centre of the circle (if practical). This will allow freedom to
offer any assistance if/when required.
UNPLANNED EMERGENCY

If the alert is extremely short, the Commander should use the following PA:
“BRACE”

Cabin crew should adopt the emergency brace position and shout to
passengers: bend over –stay down

Then adopt their emergency brace position. They should continue to shout this
until the aircraft comes to a complete Operate Exits and Direct”. Stop. Cabin
crew must then follow the emergency drill for a planned emergency from point
“Open /
POSITIONING OF ABLE BODIED PASSENGERS

ABPs should be re-positioned as near as possible to the exit on which they have been briefed. In a pre-
planned emergency and if sufficient time is available, ABPs will be required to assist in the following
areas:

a) Exits
− Two ABPs per exit to ensure that the doors are opened, slides deployed and inflated, to evacuate and
assist passengers.
b) Crowd control
− Briefed for hazards and alternate exits and ensure a smooth flow of passengers towards the exits.
− Stop passengers from leaving the aeroplane until exits are usable.
− Briefed to keep passengers away while cabin crew open doors and the slides are deployed.
− Briefed to help other passengers at the bottom of the slide, in case of land evacuation.
c) Special assist passengers
− To assist where required, for example: medical cases, frail/elderly, passengers with reduced mobility,
large families, etc.
− Directing passengers away from the aeroplane after they have reached the bottom of the slide or
have exited through a window.

Other scenarios include those in which a Cabin Crew member is injured and unable to perform his or
her duties.
Keep your leadership outside the aeroplane

Post evacuation / landing

After checking their area and the areas immediately adjacent are clear of passengers, Cabin Crew members will take the
emergency equipment located around their exit, evacuate and then move all survivors away and upwind of the aeroplane to a
safe distance. Regroup persons at the safe place. Where there is a danger of fire from spilled fuel, move survivors uphill. Count
passengers and crew. If on an airfield or near a populated area, rescue and support services will arrive on the scene quickly. In
this case, it is not necessary to remove emergency equipment before evacuating.
− Direct passengers to a secure and protected area away from the aeroplane because of risk of explosion and fire.
− Keep passengers grouped together.
− Make a count of the passengers.
− Communicate with the passengers as required.
− Do not allow passengers to return to the aeroplane.
− The crew should not be grouped together or disassociate themselves from the passengers.
3.21.5 Post evacuation / ditching

Evacuation is completed after all passengers and crews have evacuated the aeroplane.
In a ditching, in addition to the Post Evacuation / Land, following actions should be taken:
− Keep passengers grouped together on the over wings (if possible).
− Keep passengers together in water, establish rings around flotation aids (if available), keeping infants and children on the inside
and do not allow them to become separated.
− Make a count of the passengers.
− Passengers should protect themselves against the cold by wearing all the clothes they can.
− Care for injured.
− Let people help each other.
− Control all actions.
− The crew should not be grouped together or disassociate themselves from the passengers.

Never re-enter a ditched aeroplane – aeroplane can sink within seconds

• SLIDES / SLIDE RAFTS / ROPES
•
• Life jackets
• Life jackets are individual reliable floating devices,
designed to maintain the body in vertical position
(45º above water surface) even when unconscious.
Synthetic materials are used such as nylon and
neoprene because of its resistance to fire. Are
reversible and weigh 650 grams approximately.
• All IRAQI AIRWAYS aeroplanes have life jackets
under each passenger’s seat inside a transparent
flexible polyethylene bag.
Legal regulations to carry life jackets are the following:
• When flying over water and at a distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the shore
• When taking off or landing at an aerodrome where the take off or approach path is so disposed over
water that in the event of a mishap there would be likelihood of a ditching.

Whenever it is legally required to carry life jackets, it is mandatory to perform a demonstration showing
its location and use. Demonstration life jackets are yellow, identical to passenger’s life jackets.
Life jackets are inflated with carbon anhydride contained in a small metal cylinder attached to each one
of the chambers.
In order to let air in, a tab should be strongly pulled down. This action makes a hammer perforates the
cylinder’s head. Gas expansion happens strongly and with a specific sound.
Both passengers and Cabin Crew member’s life jackets shall be inflated outside the aeroplane to avoid
any damage and to help evacuation. Passengers and Cabin Crew members will move better and
quickly.
Pre-flight check
• Quantity and stowage correct (including spare and infant).
• The plastic bag must be intact.
Passenger life jackets

Infant life jackets (ILJ)

Portable Oxygen Equipment

There are portable oxygen bottles fitted with disposable mask, they are used for First aid or “walk-
around” purposes. Each bottle contains 120 or 311 litres of oxygen.
Two flow outlets are available.
• HIGH (HI): Continuous flow, 4 litres per minute.
• LOW (LO): Continuous flow, 2 litres per minute.
Pre-flight check
Quantity and stowage correct.
• Pressure gauge between 1,500-2,000 psi.
• Metal seal intact...

Use
1. Remove from stowage.
2. Ensure that mask is properly attached to HI position.
3. Turn the knob on the oxygen bottle fully anti-clockwise.
4. Verify oxygen is flowing.
5. Place the mask onto the casualty’s nose and mouth.
6. Monitor the contents of the gauge on the oxygen bottle.
7. Restore oxygen bottle after use.
8. Report in CABIN LOG BOOK used bottles
First Aid kit (FAK)

First Aid Kit is to be used for in-flight

medical requirements.
Pre-flight check
• Quantity and stowage correct.
• Must be properly closed and sealed (blue
seal).

Use
• To open, break the seal.
• CCMs should not open a First aid Kit
without authorisation from SCCM
(exception: EMERGENCY SITUATION).
Water extinguisher (H2O)

Pre-flight check
• Quantity and stowage correct.
• Check copper/lead seal intact.
• Check that gas cylinder (CO2 cartridge)
is present in handle (by viewing through
either hole drilled in the handle).

Use
1. Remove from stowage.
2. Rotate handle.
3. Press the trigger tightly.
4. Test to make sure it functions
correctly.
5. Direct the gas stream towards the
base of the flame (sweeping motion).

Duration
Approximately 30 seconds continuous.
Halon extinguisher (BCF)

Pre-flight check
• Quantity and stowage correct.
• Pressure gauge arrow is in the green band.
• Seal and safety pin are set.

Use
1. Remove from stowage.
2. Hold upright and remove the safety pin.
3. Press the trigger tightly.
4. Test to make sure it functions correctly.
5. Direct the gas stream towards the base of the
flame (sweeping motion).

Duration
Approximately 10 seconds continuous.
FIRE AXE

The fire axe should be used as a lever to

displace or dislodge furnishings or
equipment panels when trying to locate the
source of a fire. If panel access is not
possible, the pointed end of the axe can be
used to lift the panel and allow BCF
extinguisher to be discharged behind the
panel.
The handle is insulated to prevent users
from electric shock. Pre-flight check is
carried out by Flight Crew.
PROTECTIVE BREATHING EQUIPMENT (PBE)

Protective breathing equipment prevents from toxic gas inhalation while fighting
against fire. They are designed to guarantee protection against smoke (breathing
system), head and chest areas.
One smoke hood is located in the Flight Deck of every aeroplane, primarily for
those occasions when an aeroplane is positioned empty and no Cabin Crew is
carried.
Fire/smoke protection is the primary function of the PBE. It also can be used in the
event of a dangerous goods spillage to protect against noxious fumes.
Protective breathing equipment includes a closed breathing circuit with a chemical
generator which produces oxygen.
When breathing, air produced with water vapour and carbon dioxide passes
through the cartridge’s chemical generator and reacts by producing oxygen.
After passing through the cartridge, exhaled air goes straight to the breathing bag.
While inhaling, this volume of air passes again from the breathing bag through
the cartridge obtaining therefore, very pure air inside the closed circuit.
Pre-flight check
• Quantity and stowage correct.
• The seal on the clamp is undamaged.
The yellow serviceability indicator is visible.

Use
1. Remove from stowage and place it over
your head.
2. Check that the interior mask is adjusted
over mouth and nose.
3. Activate the toggle to generate oxygen.
4. Adjust straps tightly at side waist, always
under the bag to avoid fire.
5. Inform Cabin Crew members about the
use of the protective breathing equipment
and report it in CABIN LOG BOOK.
Duration
A 20 minutes minimum duration is guaranteed.
Precautions
• Do not damage the cervical seal when putting the mask
on. Be careful with nails, rings, glasses, earrings and
necklaces.
• Long hair should be pushed up inside the seal.
• Never tie the straps over the breathing bag. After
fastening straps, users should make sure that straps are
tied.
• It is mandatory to assure placing the interior mask of the
protective breathing equipment correctly.
• When trying to extinguish a fire, the user should not lean
over the breathing bag because the air circuit would stop
temporarily and it would become difficult to breath.
• Once used, and although the entire O2 reserve is not
consumed, it is not recommended to reuse it.
• It is very important to know that KO2 cartridge content
(potassium peroxide) is very dangerous if spilt. It could
cause irritation when in contact with skin or inhaled.
TORCHES (TOR) / FLASH LIGHTS

Pre-flight check
• Quantity and stowage correct.
• The LED (Light Emitting Diode) blinking light
flashes every 5 to 10 seconds.

If LED red flashing light does not illuminate or if it

does not flash for more than 10 seconds, light will
not last longer than 30 minutes. Must be replaced.
Use
• Remove it from bracket. This action automatically
releases the magnetic switch and allows the torch to
illuminate.

Note: In case the bottom of the flashlight is

unscrewed (where batteries are located), it will
turn off. It will turn back on by screwing it back
again. This helps batteries to be charged longer
and to have flashlights used only when needed.
Duration
Approximately 4 hours.
MEGAPHONES (MEG)

Aeroplanes with passengers’ capacity of 61

to 99 should carry one megaphone and
from 100 passengers up, should carry two
megaphones. Megaphones are provided to
control passengers in any emergency
situation and as an alternative
communication method should the PA
system fails. Megaphones are portable and
battery-powered.
Its purpose is to guide and gather
passengers in/after an evacuation.
 DECOMPRESSION

• In order to function properly, the human body requires a certain amount of

oxygen. It is necessary therefore, that an adequate supply of oxygen is
provided for passengers and crew when aircraft fly at high altitudes.
• The further the aircraft gets away from the earth’s surface as it climbs, the
lower the air pressure becomes. As the air pressure decreases, so the air
becomes thinner and there is a corresponding reduction in the amount of
oxygen it contains. At high altitudes in the aircraft, the required amount of
oxygen is provided by pressurising the cabin.
• Assuming that the air pressure in the cabin is maintained, and then the
passengers and crew can function normally as they have sufficient oxygen. If
the pressurisation system should fail, or an explosion were to cause a
puncture of the pressure hull of the aircraft at high altitudes, then the pressure
in the cabin will equalise with the pressure outside. This de-pressurisation at
high altitude is referred to as decompression.
• Pressurisation is controlled from the Flight Deck and it is usually set to
maintain the cabin altitude at 8,000 ft.
• If the fuselage is damaged or a failure of the pressurization system occurs, the
cabin pressure cannot be maintained at a level, which allows easy breathing.
The cruising altitude must then be decreased and/or oxygen supplied.
Slow decompression (loss of cabin pressure)

In a gradual loss of cabin pressure the air will leave the aeroplane slowly caused by a
defective pressure system or defective pressure seals at doors or window exits.
The effects are hardly noticeable except on Flight Deck instruments (there is an audible
warning on the Flight Deck when rising cabin altitude passes through 10,000 ft.). If the
cabin altitude exceeds 15,000-ft (4,500 m) the aeroplane occupants would begin to suffer
from hypoxia. The oxygen masks drop when the cabin altitude exceeds 14,000 ft. (4,000
m).
Signs for a slow loss of pressure can be:
− Whistling noise where seal is leaking.
− Noticeable decrease of cabin pressure (pain and popping in ears for no apparent
reason).
− Shortage of breath, progressive fatigue without realizing. Palpitations may be observed
amongst that Cabin Crew who are working and moving about the cabin.
− Oxygen masks drop when the cabin altitude exceeds 14,000 ft.

Note: if the cabin altitude cannot be maintained less than 14,000 ft, drop out masks will be
released automatically. The flight crew will start the descent to lower levels (14,000 ft –
10,000 ft).
If cabin crew are notified of slow decompression by the flight crew, they will make the Slow
Decompression announcement to passengers.
Rapid Decompression

A sudden loss of cabin pressure caused by an explosion, cargo door failure or

anything which causes significant damage to the aeroplane structure leaving an
opening is termed a rapid decompression.
Signs of a rapid decompression can be:
− A sudden metallic clang or boom.
− Immediate dense fogging in the cabin (due to cold air from outside mixing with the
warm cabin air)
− Strong rush of air as the cabin equalises with the pressure outside.
− Dust and debris being sucked out.
− Sudden drop of temperature.
− Passenger “drop-out” system masks will deploy.
− Difficulty in speaking.
− The blow out panels in the Flight Deck door may release.
− Pain/discomfort in ears and sinuses - ear blockage/popping.
− Formation of mist may activate the toilet smoke detectors
− Sudden boiling liquids in hot beverage containers and water boilers (risk of
scalding).
Cabin Crew immediate actions
Slow Decompression

Warning from the Flight Deck:

1. Flight Crew will call SCC by the interphone (3 times) and inform him/her
about the situation (NITS) SCC will inform rest of cabin crew.
2. Flight crew will make a PA announcement to the cabin crew: “ATTENTION!
CREW AT STATIONS”.

Upon hearing this PA, the cabin crew must immediately:

− Stop service immediately, secure trolleys and galleys, stow all loose objects.
− Interrupt their duty and return to their door of responsibility
− Stow away any catering equipment
− Await for further instructions from the pilots
− Remain vigilant in the cabin
− Instruct passengers by giving the following P.A.:
• Ladies and gentlemen, we are
experiencing a reduction in cabin
pressure and are descending to a lower
altitude. Return to your seats
immediately, fasten your seats belts. If
masks deploy, activate your mask by
pulling it towards you. Place the masks
over your nose and mouth and adjust the
elastic band for a secure fit. Ensure your
own mask is fitted before assisting
others. Obey instructions of the cabin
crew.
Cabin crew shall:
− During night flights, turn on maximum cabin lighting to wake up passengers.
− Make sure, no passengers are in the toilets.
− Instruct passengers with an infant/child, or seated next to a child, to don their mask
first and then assist donning the mask of the child/infant.
− Check cabin for No-Smoking and Fasten Seat Belts signs.
− Secure passenger cabin.

The SCC will report to the Commander, «CABIN SECURE» via interphone.
No warning from the Flight Deck: Cabin Crew members must always keep watching for
the symptoms of mild hypoxia and be aware that a warning signal from the Flight
Crew may not be given. Flight Crew may switch the Fasten Seatbelt signs on and this
could be one of the first indications to the Cabin Crew that a slow decompression is in
progress (the Fasten Seatbelt signs can be used for other reasons, i.e. turbulence).
SCC will contact Flight Deck immediately via interphone to ensure they are all right and
to receive a briefing on the situation (NITS).
NOTE: In case no reply is received from the Flight Deck, the SCC shall enter the Flight
Deck whenever physically possible.
Follow the same procedure as slow decompression-warning from the Flight Deck.
Rapid / explosive decompression

Warning from the Flight Deck: If the rapid descent is imminent or

if it was not possible to give a pre-warning, the Flight Crew will
call: “EMERGENCY DESCENT” “EMERGENCY DESCENT”

No-warning from the Flight Deck: Cabin Crew members must be

aware that a warning signal from the Flight Crew may not be
given. The first indication can be the oxygen masks dropping
down and/or a rapid descent.
It is vital that Decompression drill is carried out immediately:
DECOMPRESSION DRILL

1) GRAB AND DON THE NEAREST AVAILABLE OXYGEN MASK – if

possible, shout or indicate to passengers to do the same.
2) SIT DOWN in the nearest available seat and fasten seat belt – if a vacant
seat is not available, sit on the armrest/on the floor and hold on the
seat/galley structure – stabilize yourself wherever you are. If possible
hold on to loose equipment, put hot liquids on the ground
3) IF POSSIBLE, during night flight, turn on maximum cabin lighting in
order to wake up passengers.
4) REMAIN SEATED until aeroplane levels out and Flight Deck announces
“emergency descent completed” / “Senior Cabin Crew to Flight Deck”.
• During the Emergency Descent (8-10 minutes) Cabin
Crew must remain seated in full harness if possible.
• In a rapid/explosive decompression, it could take between
one and ten seconds for the pressure to equalise. Both of
these can occur at higher altitudes if the pressurisation
system fails suddenly or if part of the fuselage structure is
damaged (i.e. loss or crack of window, bomb explosion,
weapon firing, metal fatigue, etc).
• If the oxygen masks drop down at any time during the
flight, carry out the decompression drill regardless of
whether it is a rapid or slow decompression
• The noise of the damage (a big bang), a change in cabin pressure, and a
dense condensation (white) mist in the cabin or an automatic mask
deployment may be the only warning prior to an emergency descent.
• The Flight Crew will use 100% oxygen and the Commander will start an
emergency descent to a flight level where supplemental oxygen supply is
not needed.
• An emergency descent is a rapid change of flight condition and moving in
the cabin is dangerous. There will be changes in noise level and vibration
due to increased noise, but also due to the pilot’s actions. These are to
extend the speed brakes, reduce engine thrust, turn and descend rapidly.
• The first action will cause a sensation of slowing down and the last action
will cause the cabin floor angle to become steep towards the front of the
aircraft. Descent may be either direct to a safe breathing altitude or
‘stepped’ because of ATC instructions or high ground under the aeroplane’s
flight path.
Entering the flight deck

Put on a drop down mask, sit down out of the aisle and either fasten seat
belt or wedge yourself between passengers.
In a situation where the drop down oxygen has deployed, if the aircraft does
not begin to descend within a few minutes, and there has been no
communication from the pilots, the cabin crew must try to contact the
flight deck via the interphone. If there is no answer cabin crew will need to
try to gain access to the flight deck as both pilots could be incapacitated.
Cabin crew should remain on oxygen at all times and those making their
way to the front of the cabin should transfer to portable oxygen as soon
as possible. Access should be gained by entering the access code on the
flight deck door keypad; the flight deck door should still be guarded at this
time. Once inside the flight deck, if cabin crew find both pilots are
unconscious, they should try to rouse them and administer oxygen if
necessary.
Post-Decompression

After the emergency descent and the aeroplane has levelled off, the
following PA will be made to passengers by the Commander or the SCC:
Ladies and gentlemen, we have experienced a loss of cabin pressure.
The aeroplane has levelled off at a safe altitude where pressurisation
is not required. There may be smell of burning from the oxygen
generators, this is quite normal and there is no cause for concern,
but do not touch them, they are hot. Please remain seated with your
seatbelts fastened, more information will be provided shortly.
After the emergency descent
When the emergency descent is completed, conditions permit and it is safe
for the Cabin Crew members to recommence their duties, the
Commander will make the following announcements:
“EMERGENCY DESCENT COMPLETED”
“EMERGENCY DESCENT COMPLETED”
“SENIOR TO THE FLIGHT DECK”
“SENIOR TO THE FLIGHT DECK”

On hearing this PA;

The SCC shall:
− Enter the Flight Deck and report to the Commander. The Commander will
require information from the SCC regarding any damage to the aeroplane
and any passengers or crew injured or missing.
− Return to the cabin to ensure Cabin Crew members are carrying out their
duties

Inform the Cabin Crew that oxygen is no longer required (if advised by the
Commander). Cabin Crew will remove and stow portable oxygen bottles.
− Inform passengers about the situation