X-RAY

Presented by:-
MOHIT CHEBA
 What is radiation?
• Radiation is energy in the form of waves or
particles.
• Radiation high enough in energy to cause
ionization is called ionizing radiation.
• It includes particles and rays given off by
radioactive material, stars, and high-voltage
equipment.
• Ionizing radiation includes x-rays, gamma-rays,
beta particles, alpha particles, and neutrons.
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
X RAY:
• X-radiation is a form of electromagnetic
radiation.
• X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 0.01
to 10 nanometers.
• Corresponding to frequencies in the range 30
petahertz to 30 exahertz (3 × 1016 Hz to 3 ×
1019 Hz)
• Energies in the range 120 eV to 120 keV.
Some Facts…
• They are shorter in wavelength than UV rays and
longer than gamma rays.
• In many languages, X-radiation is called Röntgen
radiation.
• X-rays from about 0.12 to 12 keV (10 to 0.10 nm
wavelength) are classified as "soft" X-rays.
• X-Rays with 12 to 120 keV (0.10 to 0.01 nm
wavelength) as "hard" X-rays, due to their
penetrating abilities.
• Hard X-rays can penetrate solid objects, and their
largest use is to take images of the inside of objects in
diagnostic radiography and crystallography.
• By contrast, soft X-rays can hardly be said to penetrate
matter at all; for instance, the attenuation length of
600 eV (~ 2 nm) x-rays in water is less than 1
micrometer.
• X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation, and exposure to
them can be a health hazard
 Discovery
• X-rays were discovered in 1895 when
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen observed that
a screen coated with a barium salt
fluoresced when placed near a cathode ray
tube.
• Roentgen concluded that a form of
penetrating radiation was being emitted by
the cathode ray tube and called the
unknown rays, X-rays.
 Production
• X-rays are generated by an X-ray tube, a vacuum
tube that uses a high voltage to accelerate
the electrons released by a hot cathode to a high
velocity.
• The high velocity electrons collide with a metal
target, the anode, creating the X-rays.
• In medical X-ray tubes the target is usually tungsten
or an alloy of rhenium (5%) and tungsten (95%), but
sometimes molybdenum for more specialized
applications.
X-RAY Tube
 DISCRIPTION
• As with any vacuum tube, there is a cathode, which
emits electrons into the vacuum and an anode to
collect the electrons, thus establishing a flow of
electrical current, known as the beam, through the
tube.
• A high voltage power source, for example 30 to 150
kilovolts (kV), is connected across cathode and anode
to accelerate the electrons.
• The X-ray spectrum depends on the anode material
and the accelerating voltage.
•  When the electrons hit the target, X-rays are created by two different
atomic processes:
• X-ray fluorescence: If the electron has enough energy it can knock an
orbital electron out of the inner electron shell of a metal atom, and as a
result electrons from higher energy levels then fill up the vacancy and
X-ray photons are emitted. The spectral lines generated depend on the
target (anode) element used and thus are called characteristic lines.
• Bremsstrahlung: This is radiation given off by the electrons as they are
scattered by the strong electric field near the high-Z (proton number)
nuclei. These X-rays have a continuous spectrum. The intensity of the X-
rays increases linearly with decreasing frequency, from zero at the
energy of the incident electrons, the voltage on the X-ray tube.
X-ray generator
• An X-ray generator is a device used to
generate X-rays. These devices are commonly
used by radiographers to acquire an x-ray
image of the inside of an object (as in
medicine or non-destructive testing) but they
are also used in sterilization or fluorescence.
Applications
• Medicine.
• Security.
• Analytical Science.
• Operation.
• Color classification.
Medicine
• The two main fields in which x-ray machines are used in medicine are radiography and fluoroscopy.
• Radiography is used for fast, highly penetrating images, and is usually used in areas with a high bone
content. Some forms of radiography include:
• orthopantomogram — a panoramic x-ray of the jaw showing all the teeth at once
• mammography — x-rays of breast tissue
• tomography — x-ray imaging in sections
• Radiotherapy — the use of x-ray radiation to treat malignant cancer cells, a non-imaging application
• Fluoroscopy is used in cases where real-time visualization is necessary (and is most commonly
encountered in everyday life at airport security). Some medical applications of fluorography include:
• angiography — used to examine blood vessels in real time
• barium enema — a procedure used to examine problems of the colon and lower gastrointestinal tract
• barium swallow — similar to a barium enema, but used to examine the upper gastroinstestional tract
• biopsy — the removal of tissue for examination
 X-RAY Image
(Does your hand look like this..?)
Security
• X-ray machines are used to screen objects non-
invasively. Luggage at airports and student baggage at
some schools are examined for possible weapons,
including bombs. These machines are very low dose and
safe to be around. The main parts of an X-ray Baggage
Inspection System are the generator used to generate x-
rays, the detector to detect radiation after passing
through the baggage, signal processor unit (usually a PC)
to process the incoming signal from the detector, and a
conveyor system for moving baggage into the system.
Operation
• When baggage is placed on the conveyor, it is moved
into the machine by the operator. There is an
infrared transmitter and receiver assembly to detect
the baggage when it enters the tunnel. This
assembly gives the signal to switch on the generator
and signal processing system. The signal processing
system processes incoming signals from the detector
and reproduce an image based upon the type of
material and material density inside the baggage.
This image is then sent to the display unit
Color classification
• The colour of the image displayed depends upon the material and
material density : organic material such as paper, clothes and most
explosives are displayed in orange. Mixed materials such as aluminum
are displayed in green. Inorganic materials such as copper are
displayed in blue and non-penetrable items are displayed in black
(some machines display this as a yellowish green or red). The
darkness of the color depends upon the density or thickness of the
material.
• The material density determination is achieved by two-layer detector.
The layers of the detector pixels are separated with a strip of metal.
The metal absorbs soft rays, letting the shorter, more penetrating
wavelengths through to the bottom layer of detectors, turning the
detector to a crude two-band spectrometer
 Analytical Science
• Two main uses:
• Diffraction [XRD]
• X-ray scattering from crystalline materials. “fingerprint”
of crystalline atomic structure.
• Check known library vs. unknown sample.

• Fluorescence [XRF]
• Analytical method for determining the elemental
composition of a substance.
THANK
YOU