SIGNAL ANALYSIS AND

MIXING
CHAPTER II
ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
is the electronic signal, an
electric current that represents
information. There are two basic types
of electrical signals: analog and digital
ANALOG SIGNALS
• Electrical signals of
which amplitude
changes continuously
with respect to time
with no breaks or
discontinuities.
ANALOG SIGNALS

Audio 
Rotation
Pressure
DIGITAL SIGNALS
Electrical signals that are
described as discrete; their
amplitude maintains constant
level for a prescribed period of
time and then it changes to
another level with respect to
time with no breaks or
discontinuities.
DIGITAL SIGNALS

radio signal
BINARY SIGNAL
Digital signal with
only two levels
possible.

All binary signals are digital but

not all digital signals are binary
QUATERNARY SIGNAL

Digital signal with

four levels
possible.
SIGNAL ANALYSIS

Is the mathematical analysis of the

frequency, bandwidth, and voltage level
of a signal.
 SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL
V ( t) = V sin(ωt + φ )
*ω=2πf
V ( t) = V sin(2πft + φ )

Where :
V (t) = time-varying voltage sine wave
V= peak voltage (volts)
F = frequency (hertz)
Φ = phase shift (radians)
Ω = angular velocity (radians per second
PERIODIC WAVE

A signal that
repeats at a
uniform rate.
PERIODIC WAVES CAN BE
ANALYZED BY:

• Time Domain - A description

of signal with respect to time.
• Oscilloscope
• Frequency Domain - A
description of signal with
respect to its frequency.
• Spectrum Analyzer
Oscilloscope

A time-domain
instrument that
shows signal
waveforms.
SPECTRUM ANALYZER

A frequency-domain
instrument that shows
amplitude-versus-
frequency plot.
NONSINUSOIDAL / COMPLEX WAVE

Any repetitive wave

that is comprised of
more than one
harmonically related
sine or cosine wave.
FOURIER SERIES
• A mathematical series developed in 1826 by French physicist
and mathematician Baron Jean Fourier used to analyze complex
periodic wave.
• A mathematical tool that allows us to move back and forth
between the time and frequency domains. It is used in signal
analysis to represent the sinusoidal components of
nonsinusoidal periodic waveforms.
HARMONIC FREQUENCY
Is the integral multiple of the fundamental frequency.
FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY
Is the first harmonic and is equal to the frequency (repetition rate) of the
waveform.