01-WCDMA Principle-20110930-B-V1.0

Internal
WCDMA Principle
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe the development of 3G

 Outline the advantage of CDMA principle
 Characterize code sequence
 Outline the fundamentals of RAN
 Describe feature of wireless propagation

Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
3. WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
4. WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
5. Physical Layer Overview
6. Physical Channels
7. Physical Layer Procedure

Different Service, Different Technology
1G 1980s 2G 1990s 3G
Analog Digital IMT-2000
AMPS GSM
UMTS
CDMA WCDMA
TACS Technologies IS-95 Demands
drive drive cdma
NMT TDMA 2000
IS-136
Others TD-
PDC
SCDMA
3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers

3G Evolution
 Proposal of 3G
 IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile com

munication system
 The third generation mobile communication was first propos
ed in 1985 ， and was renamed as IMT-2000 in the year of
1996
− Commercialization: around the year of 2000
− Work band : around 2000MHz
− The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps

3G Spectrum Allocation

Bands WCDMA Used
 Main bands
 1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz

 Supplementary bands: different country maybe different
 1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA)

 1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan)
 890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia)
 ...
 Frequency channel number ＝ central frequency×5, for main band:
 UL frequency channel number ： 9612 ～ 9888

 DL frequency channel number : 10562 ～ 10838

3G Application Service
Error
Ratio
conversational
streaming
interactive
background
Time Delay

The Core technology of 3G: CDMA
WCDMA
CN: based on MAP and GPRS
RTT: WCDMA
cdma2000 TD-SCDMA
CN: based on ANSI 41 and MI
P
CDMA CN: based on MAP and GPRS
RTT: cdma2000 RTT: TD-SCDMA

Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle

Multiple Access and Duplex Technology
 Multiple Access Technology
 Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

 Time division multiple access (TDMA)
 Code division multiple access (CDMA)

Multiple Access Technology
FDMA TDMA
Power
Power
y
nc
ue
Tim eq
e Fr y
Tim e nc
e qu
CDMA Fre
Power
Time ncy
Freque
Multiple Access and Duplex Technology
 Duplex Technology
 Frequency division duplex (FDD)

 Time division duplex (TDD)

Duplex Technology
Power Time
USER 2
FDD USER 1
UL DL
Frequency
Power
Time
DL
USER 2
UL
DL
TDD DL
USER 1
UL
Frequency

Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle

WCDMA Network Architecture
Core Network
CN CS PS CS PS
Iu-CS Iu-PS Iu-CS Iu-PS
RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC
UTRAN
Iub Iub Iub Iub
Node B Node B Node B Node B
Uu
UE
WCDMA Network Version Evolution
MBMS
HSUPA
IMS
CS domain change to NGN HSDPA 3GPP Rel6
GSM/GPRS CN WCDMA RTT
WCDMA RTT 3GPP Rel5
3GPP Rel4
3GPP Rel99
2000 2001 2002 2005

WCDMA Network Version Evolution
 Features of R6
 MBMS is introduced
 HSUPA is introduced to achieve the service rate up to 5.76Mbps
 Features of R7
 HSPA+ is introduced, which adopts higher order modulation and MIMO
 Max DL rate: 28Mbps, Max UL rate:11Mbps
 Features of R8
 WCDMA LTE (Long term evolution) is introduced
 OFDMA is adopted instead of CDMA
 Max DL rate: 50Mbps, Max UL rate: 100Mbps (with 20MHz bandwidth)

Uu Interface protocol structure
GC Nt DC
Duplication avoidance
GC Nt DC
C-plane signaling UuS boundary
U-plane information
control
RRC L3
control
control
control
control
PDCP PDCP L2/PDCP

BMC L2/BMC
RLC RLC L2/RLC

RLC RLC
RLC RLC
RLC RLC
MAC L2/MAC
PHY L1

General Protocol Mode for UTRAN Terrestrial
Interface
 The structure is based on the principle that the layers and planes are
logically independent of each other.
Radio Control Plane User Plane

Network
Layer Application Data Stre
Protocol am(s)
Transport Transport Network Transport Network Transport Network

Network User Plane Control Plane User Plane
Layer ALCAP(s)
Signaling Signaling Data

Bearer(s) Bearer(s) Bearer(s)
Physical Layer

Iu-CS Interface
Radio Control Plane User plane

Network
RANAP Iu UP
Layer
Transport Network
Transport Network Control Plane Transport Network
User Plane User Plane
Transport
Network ALCAP
Layer SCCP
A B
MTP3-B MTP3-B
SAAL NNI SAAL NNI AAL2 PATH
ATM
Physical Layer

Iu-PS Interface

Network
Layer RANAP Iu UP
Transport Network Transport Network

Transport
Network SCCP
Layer GTP-U
MTP3-B
UDP
C
IP
SAAL NNI
AAL Type 5
ATM
Physical Layer

Iub Interface

Network
Layer NBAP Iub FP
NCP CCP
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport Transport Network

Network Transport Network ALCAP
Layer
SAAL UNI SAAL UNI AAL2 PATH
ATM
Physical Layer

Iur Interface

Network Iur Data
RANAP
Layer Stream
Transport Network
Transport Network Control Plane Transport Network
Transport
Network ALCAP
Layer SCCP
A B
MTP3-B MTP3-B
SAAL NNI SAAL NNI AAL2 PATH
ATM
Physical Layer

Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle

Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
Service Source Channel Coding

Spreading Modulation Transmission
Signal Coding & Interleaving
modulated
bit symbol chip Radio
signal
Channel
Service Source Channel Decoding Reception

Signal Decoding Despreading Demodulation
& Deinterleaving
Receiver

WCDMA Source Coding
 AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) Speech

CODEC Bit Rate (kbps)
 A integrated speech codec with 8 source
AMR_12.20 12.2 (GSM EFR)
rates
AMR_10.20 10.2
 The AMR bit rates can be controlled by the
RAN depending on the system load and AMR_7.95 7.95
quality of the speech connections AMR_7.40 7.4 (TDMA EFR)
 Video Phone Service AMR_6.70 6.7 (PDC EFR)
 H.324 is used for VP Service in CS domain AMR_5.90 5.9
 Includes: video codec, speech codec, data AMR_5.15 5.15
protocols, multiplexing and etc. AMR_4.75 4.75

Transmitter

modulated
signal
Channel

& Deinterleaving
Receiver

WCDMA Block Coding - CRC
 Block coding is used to detect if there are any uncorrected

errors left after error correction.
 The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a common method of
block coding.
 Adding the CRC bits is done before the channel encoding and
they are checked after the channel decoding.

WCDMA Channel Coding
 Effect
 Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when

interference occurs
 Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of the delay
 Types
 No Coding
 Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3)
 Turbo Coding (1/3) No Coding Uncoded N bits
1/2 Convolutional
Coded 2N+16 bits
Coding
Code Block
of N Bits 1/3 Convolutional Coded 3N+24 bits
Coding
1/3 Turbo Coding Coded 3N+12 bits

WCDMA Interleaving
 Effect
 Interleaving is used to reduce the probability of consecutive bits error

 Longer interleaving periods have better data protection with more delay
Input bits
0010000 ... 10111
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 ... Interleaving periods:

... ... ... ... 20, 40, or 80 ms
 
... ... ... 1
 0 1 1 1 
0 1 0 0
0 00…010…100…10…11 Output bits
 0 0 ...
Inter-column
permutation ... ... ... ...
 
... ... ... 1
 0 1 1 1 


modulated
signal
Channel

& Deinterleaving
Receiver

Correlation
 Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary signals.
 Identical and Orthogonal signals:
+1
C1 -1 1 -1 1
-1

+1 Correlation = 1
C2 -1 1 -1 1
Identical signals
-1
+1 1 1 1 1
+1
C1 -1 1 -1 1
-1  Correlation = 0
+1 1 1 1 1
C2 Orthogonal signals
+1
-1 1 -1 1
-1

Orthogonal Code Usage - Coding
UE1: ＋1 －1
UE2: －1 ＋1
C1 : －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1
C2 : ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1
UE1×c1 ：－1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1
UE2×c2 ：－1 －1 －1 －1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1
UE1×c1 ＋ UE2×c2 ：－2 0 －2 0 ＋2 0 ＋2 0

Orthogonal Code Usage - Decoding
UE1×C1 ＋ UE2×C2: －2 0 －2 0 ＋2 0 ＋2 0
UE1 Dispreading by c1: －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1

Dispreading result: ＋2 0 ＋2 0 －2 0 －2 0
Integral judgment: ＋ 4 (means ＋ 1) － 4 (means － 1)
UE2 Dispreading by c2: ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1

Dispreading result: －2 0 －2 0 ＋2 0 ＋2 0
Integral judgment: － 4 (means － 1) ＋ 4 (means ＋ 1)

Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
P(f) Spreading code
P(f)
f f
P(f)
Narrowband signal Broadband signal
Noise & Other Signal
Recovered signal Noise+Broadband signal

Signal
P(f) Combination P(f)
f Spreading code f

Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
Eb / No = Ec / No ×PG
Power
Ebit
Eb/No Requir
ement
Max allowed interference
Processing Gain Max interference caused by

UE and others
Interference from
other UE
Echip

Process Gain
 Process Gain
chip rate
Pr ocess Gain  10 log( )
bit rate
 Process gain differs for each service.
 If the service bit rate is greater, the process gain is smaller,

UE needs more power for this service, then the coverage of
this service will be smaller, vice versa.

Spreading Technology
 Spreading consists of 2 steps:
 Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into

chips
 Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal
Data Chips after

symbol spreading
channelization scrambling

WCDMA Channelization Code
 OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) is used as

channelization code
Cch,8,0 = (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)
Cch,4,0 = (1,1,1,1)
Cch,8,1 = (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,8,2 = (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1) Cch,8,3 = (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1) ……

Cch,8,4 = (1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1, -1) Cch,8,5 = (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) Cch,8,6 = (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1)
Cch,8,7 = (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 8

WCDMA Channelization Code
 SF = chip rate / symbol rate
 High data rates → low SF code

 Low data rates → high SF code
Radio bearer SF Radio bearer SF
Speech 12.2 UL 64 Speech 12.2 DL 128
Data 64 kbps UL 16 Data 64 kbps DL 32

Purpose of Channelization Code
 Channelization code is used to distinguish different physical ch

annels of one transmitter
 For downlink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to
separate different physical channels of one cell
 For uplink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to se
parate different physical channels of one UE

Purpose of Scrambling Code
 Scrambling code is used to distinguish different transmitters
 For downlink, scrambling code is used to separate different

cells in one carrier
 For uplink, scrambling code is used to separate different UE
s in one carrier

Scrambling Code
 Scrambling code: GOLD sequence.
 There are 224 long uplink scrambling codes which are used for
scrambling of the uplink signals. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned
by RNC.
 For downlink, 512 primary scrambling codes are used.

Primary Scrambling Code Group
Primary scrambling
code 0
Primary scrambling
Group 0 code 1
…………
Primary
scrambling Group 1 ……
codes for
downlink Primary scrambling
physical … code 8
channels
Primary
scrambling code
Group 63 8*63
……
Primary
scrambling code
64 primary scramb 8*63 +7
512 primary s
crambling cod ling code groups Each group consists of 8
es primary scrambling codes

Code Multiplexing
 Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level
Scrambling code
Channelization code 1 NodeB
User 1 signal
Channelization code 2
User 2 signal
Channelization code 3
User 3 signal

Code Multiplexing
 Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level
Scrambling code 1
Channelization code
User 1 signal
Scrambling code 2
Channelization code
User 2 signal NodeB
Scrambling code 3
Channelization code
User 3 signal


modulated
signal
Channel

& Deinterleaving
Receiver

Modulation Overview
Data to be transmitted:
Digital Input 1 0 1 0
time
Basic steady radio
wave:
carrier = A.cos(2Ft+)
Amplitude Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2Ft+)
Frequency Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2Ft+)
Phase Shift Keying:

A.cos(2Ft+)

Modulation Overview
 Digital Modulation - BPSK
1 0 1
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Information t
signal
NRZ coding
Digital Input
1
t
-1
High Frequency
Carrier
fo
Carrier
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Modulated
=0 = =0 BPSK
BPSK Waveform BPSK
signal

Modulation Overview
 Digital Modulation - QPSK
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
NRZ Input 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1
I di-Bit Stream 1 -1 -1 1 -1
Q di-Bit Stream 1 1 1 -1 -1
I
Component
Q
Component
QPSK Waveform
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Modulation Overview
±A ±Acos(ot)
NRZ I(t)
coding
fo
QPSK
90o
NRZ Q(t)
coding
±A ±Acos(ot + /2)
QPSK:A 2 cos(o )


1 1 /4
1 -1 7/4
-1 1 3/4
-1 -1 5/4

Demodulation
 QPSK Constellation Diagram
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
QPSK Waveform
1,1 -1,1 -1,1
1,-1 -1,-1
NRZ Output 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1

WCDMA Modulation
 Different modulation methods corresponding to different

transmitting abilities in air interface
R99/R4: QPSK HSDPA: QPSK or 16QAM

Transmitter
Service Source Channel

Signal Coding Coding
modulated
signal
Channel
Service Source Channel Reception

Decoding
Receiver

Wireless Propagation
Transmitted
Signal
Transmission Loss:
Amplitude
Path Loss + Multi-path Fading
Received
Signal
Time

Propagation of Radio Signal
Signal at Transmitter
20
15
10
5
0
dBm
-5
-10
-15
-20
Signal at Receiver
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
dB
-25
-30
-35 Fading
-40

Fading Categories
 Fading Categories
 Slow Fading
 Fast Fading

Diversity Technique
 Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated signals for

combining
 Reduce the effects of fading
− Fast fading caused by multi-path
− Slow fading caused by shadowing
 Improve the reliability of communication
 Increase the coverage and capacity

Diversity
 Time diversity
 Channel coding, Block interleaving

 Frequency diversity
 The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth

frequency spectrum
 Space diversity
 Polarization diversity

Principle of RAKE Receiver
Correlator 1
The combined
Correlator 2 Combiner signal
Receive set
Correlator 3
Searcher correlator Calculate the time

delay and signal
strength
s(t) s(t)
t t
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system

Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle

UTRAN Network Structure
Core Network
CN CS PS CS PS
Iu-CS Iu-PS Iu-CS Iu-PS
RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC
UTRAN
Iub Iub Iub Iub
NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB
Uu
UE
RAB, RB and RL
RAB
RB
RNC CN
UE
RL
NodeB
UTRAN

Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle

WCDMA Radio Interface Channel Definition
 Logical Channel = information container
 Defined by <What type of information> is transferred
 Transport Channel = characteristics of transmission
 Described by <How> and with <What characteristics> data is

transmitted over the radio interface
 Physical Channel = specification of the information global content
 providing the real transmission resource, maybe a frequency , a

specific set of codes and phase

Logical Channel
Dedicated traffic channel (DTCH)

Common traffic channel (CTCH) Traffic channel
Broadcast control channel (BCCH)

Paging control channel (PCCH)
Dedicate control channel (DCCH) Control channel
Common control channel (CCCH)

Transport Channel
Dedicated Channel (DCH) Dedicated transport

channel
Broadcast channel (BCH)

Forward access channel (FACH)
Paging channel (PCH) Common transport
channel
Random access channel (RACH)
High-speed downlink shared channel
(HS-DSCH)

Physical Channel
 A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code

(scrambling code, spreading code) and relative phase.
 In UMTS system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading
code) can distinguish the channels.
 Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each radio
frame consists of 15 time slots.
 Two types of physical channel: UL and DL
Physical Channel
Frequency, Code, Phase

Downlink Physical Channel
 Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DL DPCH)
 Downlink Common Physical Channel
 Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
 Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
 Synchronization Channel (SCH)
 Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
 Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
 Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
 High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)
 High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)

Uplink Physical Channel
 Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
 Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (Uplink DPDCH)
 Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (Uplink DPCCH)
 High-Speed Dedicated Physical Channel (HS-DPCCH)
 Uplink Common Physical Channel
 Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

Function of Physical Channel
Cell Search Channels
P-CPICH--Primary Common Pilot Channel
SCH--Synchronisation Channel
P-CCPCH-Primary Common Control Physical Channel
Paging Channels
PICH--Paging Indicator Channel
SCCPCH--Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
Random Access Channels

NodeB AICH--Acquisition Indicator Channel UE
PRACH--Physical Random Access Channel
Dedicated Channels
DPDCH--Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCCH--Dedicated Physical Control Channel
High Speed Downlink Share Channels

HS-SCCH--High Speed Share Control Channel
HS-PDSCH--High Speed Physical Downlink Share Channel
HS-DPCCH--High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel

Synchronization Channels (P-SCH & S-SCH)
 Used for cell search  Primary synchronization code is transmitted
 Two sub channels: P-SCH and S-SCH repeatedly in each time slot
 SCH is transmitted at the first 256 chips of  Secondary synchronization code specifies the
every time slot scrambling code groups of the cell
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #14
Primary ac p ac ac p
p
SCH
Secondary i,0 i,1 ac s

i,14
SCH ac s ac s
256 chips
2560 chips
One 10 ms SCH radio frame

Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-
SCH)
Scrambling slot number
Code Group #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14
Group 0 1 1 2 8 9 10 15 8 10 16 2 7 15 7 16
Group 1 1 1 5 16 7 3 14 16 3 10 5 12 14 12 10
Group 2 1 2 1 15 5 5 12 16 6 11 2 16 11 15 12
Group 3 1 2 3 1 8 6 5 2 5 8 4 4 6 3 7
Group 4 1 2 16 6 6 11 15 5 12 1 15 12 16 11 2
…
Group 61 9 10 13 10 11 15 15 9 16 12 14 13 16 14 11
Group 62 9 11 12 15 12 9 13 13 11 14 10 16 15 14 16
Group 63 9 12 10 15 13 14 9 14 15 11 11 13 12 16 10
Slot # ? Slot #? Slot #?

P-SCH acp acp acp ……..
S-SCH 16 6 11 Group 2
Slot 7, 8, 9
256 chips

Primary Common Pilot Channel (PCPICH)
 Primary PCPICH
 Carrying pre-defined sequence
 Fixed channel code: Cch, 256, 0, Fixed rate 30Kbps
 Scrambled by the primary scrambling code
 Broadcast over the entire cell
 A phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH and dow
nlink DPCH, Only one PCPICH per cell
Pre-defined symbol sequence
Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot # i Slot #14
1 radio frame: Tr = 10 ms

Primary Common Control Physical Channel
(PCCPCH)
 Carrying BCH transport channel
 Fixed rate, fixed OVSF code (30kbps ， Cch, 256, 1)
 The PCCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each time
slot
256 chips
PCCPCH Data
SCH
18 bits
T = 2560 chips,20 bits

slot
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
1 radio frame: T = 10 ms
f

Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
 Carrying Paging Indicators (PI)
 Fixed rate (30kbps), SF = 256
 N paging indicators {PI0, …, PIN-1} in each PICH frame, N=18, 36, 72, or
144
288 bits for paging indication 12 bits (undefined)
b0 b1 b 287 b 288 b 299
One radio frame (10 ms)

Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
(SCCPCH)
 Carrying FACH and PCH, SF = 256 - 4
 Pilot: used for demodulation

 TFCI: Transport Format Control Indication, used for describe data
format
TFCI Data Pilot

NTFCI bits NData bits NPilot bits
T slot = 2560 chips, 20*2 k bits (k=0..6)
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms

Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
 Carrying uplink signaling and data, consist of two parts:
 One or several preambles: 16 kinds of available preambles

 10 or 20ms message part
Preamble Preamble Preamble Message part
4096 chips
10 ms (one radio frame)
Preamble Preamble Preamble Message part
4096 chips 20 ms (two radio frames)

PRACH Message Structure
Data
Data N data bits
Pilot TFCI
Control NPilot bits NTFCI bits
T slot = 2560 chips, 10*2 k bits (k=0..3)
Slot # 0 Slot # 1 Slot # i Slot # 14
Message part radio frame T = 10 ms

PRACH Access Timeslot Structure
radio frame: 10 ms radio frame: 10 ms
5120 chips
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14
Access slot #0 Random Access Transmission
Access slot #1
Random Access Transmission
Access slot #7 Random Access Transmission
Access slot #8
Random Access Transmission
Access slot #14

Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
 Carrying the Acquisition Indicators (AI), SF = 256
 There are 16 kinds of Signature to generate AI
AI part Unused part
a0 a1 a2 a30 a31 a32 a33 a38 a39
AS #14 AS #0 AS #1 AS #i AS #14 AS #0
20 ms

Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
(DPDCH&DPCCH)
 Uplink DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code division multiplexed
(CDM) within each radio frame
 DPDCH carries data generated at Layer 2 and higher layer, the
OVSF code is Cch,SF,SF/4, where SF is from 256 to 4
 DPCCH carries control information generated at Layer 1, the
OVSF code is Cch,256,0

Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
(DPDCH&DPCCH)
 Frame Structure of Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
Data
DPDCH Ndata bits
Pilot TFCI FBI TPC

DPCCH Npilot bits NTFCI bits NFBI bits NTPC bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..6)
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms

Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel
(DPDCH+DPCCH)
 Downlink DPDCH and DPCCH is time division multiplexing
(TDM).
 DPDCH carries data generated at Layer 2 and higher layer
 DPCCH carries control information generated at Layer 1
 SF of downlink DPCH is from 512 to 4

Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel
(DPDCH+DPCCH)
 Frame Structure of Downlink DPCH (DPDCH+DPCCH)
DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

Data1 TPC TFCI Data2 Pilot
Ndata1 bits NTPC bits NTFCI bits Ndata2 bits Npilot bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 20*2k bits (k=-

1..6)
One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms

High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel
(HS-PDSCH)
 Bearing service data and layer 2 overhead bits mapped from the
transport channel
 SF=16, can be configured several channels to increase data service
Data
Ndata1 bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, M*10*2k bits (k=4)
Slot #0 Slot#1 Slot #2
1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms

High-Speed Shared Control Channel
(HS-SCCH)
 Carries physical layer signalling to a single UE ,such as modulation schem
e (1 bit) ,channelization code set (7 bit), transport block size (6bit),HARQ pr
ocess number (3bit), redundancy version (3bit), new data indicator (1bit), U
E identity (16bit)
 HS-SCCH is a fixed rate (60 kbps, SF=128) downlink physical channel
used to carry downlink signalling related to HS-DSCH transmission
Data
Ndata1 bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 40 bits
Slot #0 Slot#1 Slot #2
1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms

High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
(HS-DPCCH )
 Carrying information to acknowledge downlink transport blocks and
feedback information to the system for scheduling and link adaptation
of transport block
 CQI and ACK/NACK
 Physical Channel, Uplink, SF=256
Tslot = 2560 chips 2 Tslot = 5120 chips
ACK/NACK CQI
One HS-DPCCH subframe ( 2ms )
Subframe #0 Subframe #i Subframe #n
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms

Mapping Between Channels
Logical channels Transport channels Physical channels
BCCH BCH P-CCPCH

FACH S-CCPCH
PCCH PCH S-CCPCH
RAC PRACH
CCCH
H
FACH S-CCPCH
CTCH FACH S-CCPCH
DCCH, DTCH DCH DPDCH

HS-DSCH HS-PDSCH
RACH, FACH PRACH, S-CCPCH

Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle

Synchronization Procedure - Cell Search
UE uses PSC to acquire slot

Slot Synchronization synchronization to a cell
UE uses SSC to find frame synchronization

Frame synchronization & and identify the code group of the cell
Code Group Identification found in the first step
UE determines the primary scrambling code

through correlation over the PCPICH with all
Scrambling Code codes within the identified group, and then
Identification detects the P-CCPCH and reads BCH
information 。

Random Access Procedure
START
Choose a RACH sub channel from

available ones
Get available signatures
Set Preamble Retrans Max
Set Preamble_Initial_Power
Send a preamble
No AI
Get negative AI
Choose a access slot again Check the corresponding AI
Get positive AI
Choose a signature and
increase preamble transmit power Increase message part power by
p-m based on preamble power
The counter of preamble retransmit
Subtract 1, Commanded preamble power Send the corresponding message part
increased by Power Ramp Step
Y Set physical status to be RACH

Counter> 0 & Preamble power Set physical status to be Nack
message transmitted on AICH received
< maximum allowed power
N
Report the physical status to MAC
Set physical status to be Nack
on AICH received
END

Transmit Diversity Mode
 Application of Tx diversity modes on downlink physical channel
Physical channel type Open loop mode Closed loop mode
TSTD STTD Mode 1 Mode 2
P-CCPCH – applied – –
SCH applied – – –
S-CCPCH – applied – –
DPCH – applied applied applied
PICH – applied – –
HS-PDSCH – applied applied –
HS-SCCH – applied – –
AICH – applied – –

Transmit Diversity - STTD
 Space time block coding based transmit antenna diversity

(STTD)
 4 consecutive bits b0, b1, b2, b3 using STTD coding
b 0 b 1 b2 b3 Antenna 1
b 0 b1 b2 b 3
-b2 b3 b0 -b1 Antenna 2

Channel bits
STTD encoded channel bits

for antenna 1 and antenna 2.

Transmit Diversity - TSTD
 Time switching transmit diversity (TSTD) is used only on SCH

channel
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #14
(Tx
acp OFF) acp acp
Antenna 1
i,0 (Tx i,2 i,14
acs OFF) acs acs
(Tx (Tx (Tx

OFF) acp OFF) OFF)
Antenna 2
(Tx i,1 (Tx (Tx
OFF) acs OFF) OFF)

Closed Loop Mode
 Used in DPCH and HS-PDSCH

Thank You
www.huawei.com

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 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

 Describe the development of 3G

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3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers

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 IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile com

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 1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz

 1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA)

 UL frequency channel number ： 9612 ～ 9888

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 Multiple Access Technology

 Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

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 Frequency division duplex (FDD)

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Node B Node B Node B Node B

2000 2001 2002 2005

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PDCP PDCP L2/PDCP

RLC RLC L2/RLC

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Radio Control Plane User Plane

Transport Transport Network Transport Network Transport Network

Signaling Signaling Data

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Radio Control Plane User plane

SAAL NNI SAAL NNI AAL2 PATH

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Radio Control Plane User plane

Transport Network Transport Network

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Radio Control Plane User plane

Transport Transport Network

SAAL UNI SAAL UNI AAL2 PATH

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Radio Control Plane User plane

SAAL NNI SAAL NNI AAL2 PATH

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Service Source Channel Coding

Service Source Channel Decoding Reception

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 AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) Speech

quality of the speech connections AMR_7.40 7.4 (TDMA EFR)

 Video Phone Service AMR_6.70 6.7 (PDC EFR)

 H.324 is used for VP Service in CS domain AMR_5.90 5.9

 Includes: video codec, speech codec, data AMR_5.15 5.15

protocols, multiplexing and etc. AMR_4.75 4.75

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Service Source Channel Coding

Service Source Channel Decoding Reception

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