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TEACHING ARTS IN THE

ELEMENTARY GRADES
 VYGOTSKY
Social constructivism was developed by Vygotsky. He
rejected the assumption made by Piaget that it was
possible to separate learning from its social context.
According to Vygotsky:
Every function in the child cultural development
appeals twice: first, on the social level and, and later
on, the individual level: first, between people
(Interpsychological) and then inside the child
(Intrapsychological).

This applies equally to voluntary attention, to

logical memory, and to the formation of
concepts. All the higher functions originate as
actual relationship between individuals.
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM
1. LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND KNOWLEDGE

Vygotsky (1934) emphasized the role of language and

culture in cognitive development and in how we perceive
the world and claimed that day provide frameworks
through which we experience, communicate, and
understand reality.
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM
2. THE ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT

Vygotsky believed that learning takes place within the

Zone of Proximal Development. In this, students can, with
help from adults or children who are more advanced,
master concepts and ideas that they cannot understand
on their own.
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM
2. THE ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT

This model has two developmental levels:

1. The level of actual development – point the learner has
already reached & can problem-solve independently.

2. The level of potential development (ZDP) – point the

learner is capable of
reaching under the guidance of teachers or in
collaboration with peers.
 THE ZONE OF OPTIMAL
DEVELOPMENT
1. INTERSUBJECTIVITY
-the process whereby two participants
who begins a task with different
understanding arrived at a same
understanding (Newson & Newson
1975). This creates a common ground
in communication as each partner
adjust in the perspective of others.
2. SCAFFOLDING 3. GUIDED PARTICIPATION
-adjusting the support offered during -a broader concept than scaffolding that
the teaching lesson to fit the child’s current refers to the shared endeavours between
level of performance. This captures the form experts and less experts participants.
of teaching interactions that occurs as
individual works on task such as puzzles and
academic assignments.
Thank you!