ESSENTIALS OF INDICATING INSTRUMENTS

1) Deflecting torque:
The deflecting or operating torque (Td) is
produced by utilizing one or other effects, like
Magnetic
Electrostatic
Electrodynamic
Thermal or inductive
Hall effect
2) Controlling torque (Tc)
The torque which controls the movement of the
pointer on a particular scale according to the
quantity of the electricity, passing through it.
Spring control.
Gravity control.
Spring control:
• In the spring control method, a hair spring
usually of phosphor bronze, attached to the
moving system is used.
• With the deflection of the pointer, the spring
is twisted in the opposite direction.
• This twist in the spring produces restoring
torque which is directly proportional to the
angle of deflection of the moving system.
 Equation
• Td α I
• spring control  Tc  α   θ
• As Tc = Td
• θ  a I
• Since deflection q is directly proportional to
current I, the spring-controlled instrument
have a uniform or equally-spaced scales over
the whole of their range.