BIOLOGY

FORM 4
CELL DIVISION
CELL DIVISION

CELL DIVISION

MEIOSIS MITOSIS

Appreciating the movement of chromosomes

during mitosis and meiosis

Failure of chromosomes to mare

Radioactive and carcinogenic substances
in an orderly manner during cell division
MITOSIS
Division of the nucleus to produce growth
tissue culture 2 new daughter cells containing
Chromosomes identical to parent cell Repair and replacement

cloning A sexual reproduction

What Significant
Application

G1 S
MITOSIS

interphase G2
Cell cycle

Controlled mitosis
Miotic phase
prophase
Uncontrolled mitosis metaphase Mitosis M cytokinesis
anaphase
telophase

Click to see animation of mitosis

MEIOSIS
Metaphase I
Prophase I
Anaphase I
Sexual Reproduction

MEIOSIS I Telophase I

CELL CYCLE MEIOSIS SIGNIFICANT

Genetic Variation
MEIOSIS II

Telophase II Crossing over

Prophase II Random fusion

Anaphase II of gametes
Metaphase II
Independent assortment of chromosomes

Click to see animation of meiosis

THE CELL CYCLE

G1 : The cell begins to

acquire and synthesise
materials needed for the
next cycle .

S : Synthesis of DNA

G2 : the cell accumulates

energy and completes its
final preparations .

Click to see animation of cell cycle

Prophase
nucleolus
centrioles
 The chromosomes
condense
 Each chromosomes
consists of sister
chromatids attached
to Centromere
 Nucleoli disappear

chromosome centromere
Metaphase
 The spindle fibres
are fully formed
 Chromosomes are
arranged with their
centromeres along
the equator of the
spindle
Spindle fibres

Metaphase plate
Anaphase
 The sister pole

chromatids are
drawn to opposite
poles of the cell.
 Now the sister
chromatids are
referred to as
daughter
chromosomes
Daughter cromosomes
Telophase
 Begins when the two Nuclear membrane
nucleolus
sets of daughter
chromosomes have
reached the two
poles of the cell.
 The nuclear
membrane forms
around each set of
daughter
chromosomes.
Cleavage furrow
CYTOKINESIS
 The process of cytoplasmic division to form
two daughter cells.
 In animal cell, a cleavage furrow forms at the
equator of the cell and deepens until the
daughter cells separate.
 In plant cell, the Golgi apparatus buds off
carbohydrate filled vesicles that lined up along
the cell’s equator.
 The vesicles fuse, producing the cell plate that
will extends towards to the existing cell wall
and separates the two daughter cells.
Cytokinesis
CYTOKINESIS
The importance of controlled Mitosis

 To restore lost or damaged tissues

 To heal the wounds
 To regenerate (plant)
 Binary fission ( unicellular)
 To grow
Uncontrolled mitosis in living things

 Cancer
 Tumours
 benign tumour

 malignant tumour
The application of mitosis

Tissue culture :
 The leaf is cut into small pieces. They are called
explants.
 The explants are placed inside a test tube containing
nutrient agar and growth hormones.
 After 6 to 8 weeks, the explants divide by mitosis to
form a callus
 Cell in the callus develop into embryos and later into
plantlets.
 Plantlets are transferred to the soil where they grow
into adults plants.
INTERNET RESOURCES
 Mitosis
 Meiosis
 Mitosis and meiosis compared
 Mitosis & Cell Division
 Cell division
 Cell division from Wikipedia
 CELL DIVISION: BINARY FISSION AND MITOSIS
 CELL DIVISION: MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 Cytokinesis
 Cytokinesis from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 THE CELL CYCLE: A UNIVERSAL CELLULAR DIVISION PROGRAM
 Mitosis –introduction
 Mitosis and meiosis: cell division
 The Cell Cycle